In the world of evolutionary science, you donโt get much more prominent than Richard Leakey (pictured here). An anthropologist and conservationist, heโs the son of the archaeologist couple Louis and Mary Leakey, famed for their human origins research in Africa. Richard Leakey is credited with multiple major discoveries, including his teamโs unearthing of Turkana Boy, a 1.5 million year old fossil skeleton thought to be either an example of Homo erectus or of Homo ergaster.
None of this, however, necessarily means that Leakey is an expert in the communication of science, or on why people deny science in key areas. In fact, recent remarks by this distinguished researcher show just how far we still have to go before even some scientists accept the growing body of research on the subject ofโฆwhy people deny science.
According to a recent AP story, Leakey predicted that within the next 15 to 30 years, scientific research will advance so much that there will be no more doubters of evolution. At this point, Leakey reportedly said, the evidence will be so vast that โeven the skeptics can accept it.โ
Leakey went on to forecast that in such a world, weโll be better at using science to solve our problems: โIf you get to the stage where you can persuade people on the evidence, that itโs solid, that we are all African, that color is superficial, that stages of development of culture are all interactive, then I think we have a chance of a world that will respond better to global challenges.โ
Itโs a stirring vision, and kind of reminds you of John Lennonโs Imagine. But Iโm nonetheless floored to find that in this day and age, a scientist as prominent as Leakey can sound so optimistic about being able to โpersuade people on the evidence.โ For with such remarksโand of course, this is assuming that the AP is quoting him accuratelyโLeakey seems to ignore everything we actually know about why people reject facts and reason.
Leakey seriously suggests that if thereโs only more scientific evidence (presumably about human origins?), evolution denial will go away. This flies in the face of everything we know about evolution denialโwhich says that itโs all about emotion and group identity, not about data. Furthermore, it flies in the face of everything we know about science communication and persuasionโwhich suggests that when confronted with new evidence, evolution deniers will double down on their false beliefs, especially if these deniers are intelligent and sophisticated.
Much of this research is summarized in my new book The Republican BrainU.S. National Academy of Sciences, entitled โThe Science of Science Communication.โ In fact, ironically, just this week Nature Climate Change published a study confirming all this by Yaleโs Dan Kahan and his colleagues. (Itโs a study that I discussed last year when it was in working paper format.)
On a scientifically contested issues that plays out in a way much similar to evolutionโclimate changeโKahan and colleagues find that more scientific literacy actually polarizes people over global warming. It drives them apart, rather than bringing them together.
More specifically, what Kahan et al found is that in the group of people who tend to deny global warmingโso-called โhierarchical individualistsโโincreasing scientific literacy led to less concern about the issue. However, in the group of people who tend to accept global warmingโso-called โegalitarian communitariansโโincreasing scientific literacy had the opposite effect. It led to more concern. This is yet another instance of the so-called โsmart idiot effect,โ which Iโve often discussed.
Human evolution is not precisely the same as human-induced global warming; people deny these two scientific facts for different reasons. But there is every reason to think that on evolution, the same โsmart idiotโ effect occurs. After all, โintelligent designโ proponents and โcreation scienceโ proponents include a number of science Ph.D.sโPh.D.s who just happened to be conservative Christians to boot.
Does Richard Leakey really think that a few more fossil discoveries are going to change these peopleโs minds?
The irony here is that evolutionary science itself helps to explainโฆwhy people deny evolutionary science! After all, as the moral psychologist Jonathan Haidt argues, evolution built us as creatures who need to belong to a group or tribe, and who bind their tribes together based on a shared understanding of the world. The denial of evolution is fundamentally about reaffirming a shared identity among conservative Christians or, increasingly, conservative Muslims. It is about group belonging, not data.
Whatโs more, evolution also built us as creatures whose emotions powerfully sculpt reasoning. The emotional systems fire first, and they can often drive the calmer and slower reasoning systems; this is the thesis that Daniel Kahneman has made so famous in his bestseller Thinking, Fast and Slow. What this means is that anti-evolutionistsโ emotions are going to drive their responses to any facts Leakey can lay before them. And then, through a process of motivated reasoning, theyโre likely to come up with reasons to deny the evidence, and thereby, support the tribe.
So in sum, evolution helps explain why people donโt believe in evolution. But then how do you explain evolutionary scientists like Leakey, who seem somehow not to credit these fairly obvious ramifications of evolutionary theory itself for how people process information?
My only answer is that scientists, too, can wear blinders sometimes. And this particular reality can be a rather painful one for those who cleave to the old Enlightenment idea that reason swoops in and saves the day.
For the Leakeys of the world, then, the message needs to be this: Reason can still save the day; it just it wonโt necessarily be in the way that you hope for. It wonโt be because facts suddenly start to work to change the minds of science deniers. Rather, it will be because facts let us understand how the minds of science deniers work in the first place.
Thatโs a different picture than the old Enlightenment vision, but not a bleak oneโbecause human beings can still change, and human societies can still improve. But reason alone, divorced from an understanding of the emotions, wonโt get you there. Which is either frustrating or liberatingโdepending, I suppose, upon how emotionally reasonable you are.
