Heather R. Zichal
Credentials
- Bachelor’s Degree, Environmental Policy, Rutgers University.1โHeather Zichal,โ LinkedIn. Accessed August 3, 2020.
Background
Heather R. Zichal is the former Deputy Assistant to the President for Energy and Climate Change from 2009 to 2013. In that role, she served as President Barack Obama’s top White House advisor on energy and climate change. She also worked as the Policy Director to the Obama Campaign, where she helped to draft the 2008 energy platform.2โHeather Zichal,โ LinkedIn. Accessed August 3, 2020. Zichal is currently an advisor to presidential candidate Joe Biden on the issues of climate change and energy.
As noted at the Revolving Door Project, Zichal transitioned to industry employment after the White House, serving on the board of directors of Cheniere Energy where she was appointed as a director in June 2014 and worked until July 2018. During that time period,ย according to SEC filings, Zichal was compensated a total of $1,081,910 in combined fees or stock awards.3Various SEC Filings for Cheniere Energy, Inc. (CIK 0000003570) via SEC.gov. PDFs on file at DeSmog.
DeSmog reported Zichal met at least twice with Cheniere executives while she was still working for the White House and shortly before her nomination to the Cheniere board.4Steve Horn. โRevealed: Heather Zichal Met with Cheniere Executives as Obama Energy Aide Before Board Nomination,โ DeSmog, June 27, 2014.
Zichal has also served on the external advisory council on sustainability for PG&E, named to the position in October 2015. She also worked with PG&E โon policy issues around climate changeโ while still at the Obama Administration. In a promotional video for the utility company made in June 2016, Zichal said โPG&E as a utility is absolutely committed to getting this right for their customers, and also for the environment.โ The company was held criminally liable in June 2020 for sparking the most lethal wildfire in California history in Paradise, California.5David Kligman and Tom Schmitz. โPG&E Convenes National Panel of Advisers to Guide Focus on Sustainability,โ Currents, January 15, 2016. Archived July 28, 2020. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/G11c9 6โVIDEO: PG&Eโs Commitment to Environment Includes Reducing Methane,โ Currents, October 20, 2016. Archived August 13, 2020. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/8YrEp 7(Press Release). โPG&E Statement on Company’s Guilty Plea Related to 2018 Camp Fire,โ PG&E, June 16, 2020. Archived August 13, 2020. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/lA57g
Zichal also works as an operating advisor at the capital investment firm Broadscale Group, and on the Board of Directors of the bioenergy company Abengoa Bioenergy.8โHeather Zichal,โ Broadscale. Archived July 29, 2020. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/rotkq
Abengoa specializes in cellulosic ethanol, using corn stalks to produce the bioenergy. A Spain-based corporation, Abengoa filed for bankruptcy in February 2016, when Zichal was still on the Board, according to documents filed in U.S. Bankruptcy Court in April 2016. The company benefited from a $132 million loan in 2011 from the U.S. Department of Energy under the Obama Administration. The Energy Department said the company’s Kansas-based ethanol plant is โexpected to produce enough clean fuel to save 14,900,000 gallons of gasoline and prevent 132,000 metric tons of carbon dioxide emissions each year.โ But a 2014 study by University of Nebraska researchers concluded that biofuels derived from crop residue increase carbon emissions, potentially emitting more CO2 than gasoline. That study was funded by the federal government.9Tom Hals and Tracy Rucinksi. โAbengoa unit files for U.S. bankruptcy with up to billion in debt,โ Reuters, February 24, 2016. Archived August 13, 2020. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/G100K 10โAbengoa Bioenergy US Holdings, LLC et al., Debtors,โ (PDF), United States Bankruptcy Court Eastern District of Missouri. Filed 04/21/2016 (Case 16-41161). Archived .pdf on file at Desmog. 11โEnergy Department Finalizes 2 Million Loan Guarantee to Support the Abengoa Bioenergy Project,โ Energy.gov, September 29, 2011. Archived August 13, 2020. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/leP6I 12โABENGOA BIOENERGY,โ Energy.gov Loan Programs Office. Archived August 13, 2020. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/2iGDv 13Liska, Adam J.; Yang, Haishun; Milner, Maribeth; Goddard, Steve; Blanco-Canqui, Humberto; Pelton, Matthew P.; Fang, Xiao X.; Zhu, Haitao; and Suyker, Andrew E., โBiofuels from crop residue can reduce soil carbon and increase CO2 emissions,โ Adam Liska Papers, (2014). 14โClimate benefit of biofuels from corn residue: Researchers cast doubt,โ ScienceDaily, April 20, 2014. Archived August 13, 2020. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/atJsk 15AP. โEthanol made from corn stalks spews more CO2 than gasoline,โ CBC News, April 21, 2014. Archived August 13, 2020. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/c0glH
Zichal joined Broadscale at least as far back as 2016. Broadscale was founded and backed by the private equity fund Pegasus Capital Advisors in 2012 to โhelp new technologies in the energy sector move to commercialization.โ Broadscale teams up with utility sector companies Duke Energy and Electric Grid, as well as industry trade association Edison Electric Institute, โacting as both an investment firm and one that matches technologies with utility needs,โ industry trade publication Energy Power Daily reported. Jim Rogers, former CEO of Duke Energy and chairman of Edison Electric Institute, was a senior advisor for Broadscale until his death in 2018.16โHeather Zichal,โ Broadscale. Archived March 27, 2016. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/0j4WE 17Tom Tiernan. โGroup aims to link utilities, new technologiesโ (PDF), Electric Power Daily, September 27, 2012. Via Factiva. 18โJim Rogers Joins Broadscale as Senior Advisor,โ BusinessWire, June 9, 2014. Archived August 13, 2020. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/nlz3l
The firm has investments in both fracking and in the natural gas exports sector. For fracking, Broadscale is an investor and shareholder in the company TouGas Oilfield Solutions, a German company attempting to pioneer fracking with a manufactured gel instead of water.19(Press Release). โTouGas Oilfield Solutions announces Series D Investment with New Investor Broadscaleโ (PDF), TouGas Oilfield Solutions, September 21, 2015. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog. 20โTouGas EP-1F for Hydraulic Fracturing,โ TouGas Oilfield Solutions, July 21, 2020. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
โBy enabling hydraulic fracturing without freshwater, TouGas can reduce operators’ costs substantially and deliver a game-changing environmental breakthrough,โ said Broadscale founder and partner, Andrew Shapiro, in announcing the investment in the company in September 2015. โWe look forward to working closely with TouGas to expand its business, particularly in North America.โ
According to a 2013 story published in the German publication Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, Tougas has ambitions to spread its fracking technology to China and South America.21โTouGas Oilfield Solutions targets fracking products orders,โ GERCOL, May 15, 2013. Via Factiva.
Shapiro said Broadscale makes money by โtaking a stake in every transaction.โ22Toby Lewis. โNew model ventures rise for corporate needs,โ Global Corporate Venturing, July 27, 2013. Archived August 13, 2020. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/HSjJL
For gas exports, Broadscale has an investment partnership with the company GDF Suez which began in 2014. GDF Suez became ENGIE in April 2015.23โGDF SUEZ Joins Broadscale Group to Accelerate Energy Innovations,โ PR Newswire, July 22, 2014. Archived August 13, 2020. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/QXxLE
โWith a deep commitment to innovation and deep expertise across the power generation, natural gas and LNG, and energy services businesses, GDF SUEZ is a great fit,โ Shapiro said in a press release.
โWe bring capital to the table with Pegasus and intend to participate in deals to have an aligned interest, to forge a new model of fund advisory,โ he further explained.24Toby Lewis. โNew model ventures rise for corporate needs,โ Global Corporate Venturing, July 27, 2013. Archived August 13, 2020. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/HSjJL
ENGIE also has had a business relationship with Cheniere. Cheniere signed a five-year Sale and Purchase Agreement with ENGIE in October 2015 to buy exported LNG from the Sabine Pass and Corpus Christi terminals. The LNG was to be shipped primarily to the Montoir-de-Bretagne LNG terminal in France. ENGIE has the largest gas distribution network in Europe and is one of the largest LNG companies in the world, and the largest European LNG importer.25โCheniere Marketing and ENGIE Sign 5-Year LNG Sale and Purchase Agreement,โ PR Newswire, October 28, 2015. Archived August 13, 2020. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/hthUY
ENGIE also owned a stake in the Cameron LNG export facility located in Hackberry, Louisiana until 2018, when the French company Total purchased ENGIEโs upstream LNG assets for $1.5 billion, including its stake in Cameron LNG and its LNG tankers. Its LNG import business remains in tow.26โTOTAL CLOSES THE ACQUISITION OF ENGIEโS UPSTREAM LNG BUSINESS AND BECOMES WORLD #2 LNG PLAYER,โ Total, July 13, 2018. Archived August 13, 2020. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/vLO0k
In 2015, Zichal became a senior fellow at the Atlantic Council’s Global Energy Center. DeSmog has noted that corporate donors to the Atlantic Council, as of 2015, included Chevron, ExxonMobil, BP as well as Cheniere Energy.27โTop Presidential Adviser Heather Zichal to Add Strategic Foresight Expertise to Atlantic Council Global Energy Center,โ The Atlantic Council, January 12, 2015. Archived July 28, 2020. Archive URL:https://archive.vn/E6Wsu 28Steve Horn. โHeather Zichal, Former Top Obama Energy Aide, Named Fellow at Industry-Funded Atlantic Council,โ DeSmog, January 21, 2015. 29โSupporters,โ Atlantic Council. Archived January 24, 2015. Archive URL: https://archive.is/CFHGh
The think tank came under scrutiny by The New York Times in a 2016 investigation, which revealed that it had a Corporate Partners Program for donors who gave $50,000 or more per year which offered benefits to the corporations that funded it. Those benefits included an โunprecedented level of information and access,โ according to a document obtained by the newspaper. The Atlantic Council then changed that section of the pamphlet to read that the program gives โcompanies timely information and access to thought leaders.30โAtlantic Council and Corporate Donors,โ The New York Times, August 7, 2016. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog. 31Sharon Kelly. โThousands of Pages of Confidential Think Tank Documents Detail Corporate Ties, New York Times Reports,โ DeSmog, August 9, 2016. 32โCorporate Programโ (PDF), Atlantic Council, October 21, 2013. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
Cheniere gave the Atlantic Council money at a level of $250,000โ$500,000 for 2019, a level which allows for every perk offered within the Corporate Partners Program, including the โopportunity to customize your benefits packageโ and the chance to โfeature a senior executive with relevant experience to the topic as a speaker or introducerโ at Atlantic Council events. Christopher Smith, Cheniereโs senior vice president for policy, government, and public affairs and the Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy at the U.S. Department of Energy for the Obama Administration, presented Cheniereโs 2019 Corporate Responsibility Report before the Atlantic Council in a virtual fireside chat on July 16, 2020.33โHonor roll of contributors,โ Atlantic Council. Archived August 14, 2020. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/D5lCM
In January 2018, Zichal became the vice president for corporate engagement for the Nature Conservancy. The global nonprofit has come under criticism for earning money off of an oil well in Texas in exchange for a land conservation deal. The group also supports carbon capture utilization and sequestration (CCUS) and enhanced oil recovery (EOR). EOR is a drilling technique in which carbon dioxide is injected into wells to extract the oil still in place under the ground after initial drilling runs dry.34โObama aide joins Nature Conservancy,โ Governors’ Wind & Energy Solar Coalition, January 10, 2018. Archived August 14, 2020. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/muAeC 35Justin Gillis. โGroup Earns Oil Income Despite Pledge on Drilling,โ The New York Times, August 3, 2014. Archived August 14, 2020. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/AM7jY 36Steve Horn. โThis Is the Drilling Method for Most US Oil But Regulators Offer Almost No Oversight,โ DeSmog, August 4, 2017.
At a February 2020 congressional hearing, Nature Conservancy testified in support of the USE IT Act. Under Zichalโs tenure, Nature Conservancy became a member of the Carbon Capture Coalition, formerly known as the National Enhanced Oil Recovery Initiative, which supports bolstering EOR production. That groupโs members include Peabody Energy, Prairie State Generating Company, Glenrock Petroleum, Baker Hughes and Shell, among others. Broadscale Group also manufactures a polymer for EOR to facilitate that drilling process.37โTESTIMONY OF JASON ALBRITTON DIRECTOR OF US CLIMATE AND ENERGY POLICY BEFORE THE HOUSE ENERGY AND COMMERCE COMMITTEE SUBCOMMITTEE ON ENVIRONMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGEโ (PDF), The Nature Conservancy, February 6, 2020. Retrieved from Docs.gov. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog. 38Amy Harder. โCarbon capture coalition expands & rebrands,โ Axios, February 22, 2018. Archived August 14, 2020. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/fabGF 39โAbout the Carbon Capture Coalition,โ Carbon Capture Coalition. Archived August 14, 2020. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/H3YVJ 40โTouGas EP-1F for Hydraulic Fracturing,โ TouGas Oilfield Solutions, July 21, 2020. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
Zichal attended the 2019 responsible investment annual briefing hosted by Shell Oil. Like Shell, Nature Conservancy pushes for โnatural climate solutions,โ or land conservation-based initiatives to store carbon under the ground. Climate justice groups have critiqued nature-based solutions as letting fossil fuel companies off the hook and also potentially leading to issues like land grabs and the commoditization of forestry-based natural ecosystems. They also critique the lack of guaranteed permanence of storing carbon in the ground through land-based carbon sequestration and its ties to offset system protocols like cap-and-trade. When Shell announced its plan to use these solutions and reduce its net carbon footprint, Nature Conservancy praised the corporation in the companyโs press release.41โROYAL DUTCH SHELL PLC RESPONSIBLE INVESTMENT ANNUAL BRIEFING 2019โ (PDF), Shell, April 11, 2019. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog. 42โNATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS,โ Shell. Archived August 13, 2020. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/mJMmM 43โGreen Finance Observatory: Five major problems with natural climate solutions,โ REDD-Monitor, October 9, 2019. Archived August 13, 2020. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/C7Dtw 44โNGOs oppose the oil industryโs Natural Climate Solutions and demand that Eni and Shell keep fossil fuels in the ground,โ REDD-Monitor, May 14, 2019. Archived August 13, 2020. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/J7xt1 45โNew report on human rights violations linked to REDD in Acre, Brazil,โ Friends of the Earth, December 8, 2014. Archived August 13, 2020. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/XF8C2 46โHow additional is the Clean Development Mechanism?โ (PDF), OKO-Institut e.V., March 2016. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog. 47โLessons Learned from the European Unionโs Emissions Trading Scheme and the Kyoto Protocolโs Clean Development Mechanismโ (PDF), United States Government Accountability Office (GAO), November 2008. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog. 48โShell invests in nature as part of broad drive to tackle CO2 emissions,โ Shell, April 8, 2019. Archived August 14, 2020. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/JlP4A
Shell had lobbied extensively for Arctic drilling, something granted and then denied by the Obama Administration. Zichal served as the industry point of contact on getting this initiative pushed forward as the head of an interagency group created by a July 11, 2011 Obama Executive Order. Shell Senior Counsel and lobbyist Sara Glenn met 13 times with Zichal, and wrote a 2015 email to Obama Interior Department officials longing for her presence in the White House, writing โVery disappointing to hear from you where the issue stands today. In the old days, Heather Zichal would have moderated to bring matters to a resolution.โ Obama would eventually issue a drilling permit to Shell in 2012, then rescind that order and ban Arctic drilling toward the end of his presidency in 2016.49John M. Broder. โNew and Frozen Frontier Awaits Offshore Oil Drilling,โ The New York Times, May 23, 2012. Archived August 13, 2020. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/FI7ek 50โExecutive Order 13580โInteragency Working Group on Coordination of Domestic Energy Development and Permitting in Alaskaโ (PDF), National Archives and Records Administration vol. 76, No. 136 (July 15, 2011). Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog. 51Ben Geman. โShellโs Alaskan drilling has DC lobbying roots,โ The Hill, May 24, 2012. Archived August 14, 2020. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/qXBNT 52โ15-00444โ (PDF), DOI.gov. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog. 53(Press Release). โ Obama Ignores Huge Dangers in Approving Arctic Drilling Permit for Shell Drilling Set to Begin Immediately Risks Massive Spills, Polar Bears, Walruses, Bowhead Whales,โ Center for Biological Diversity, August 30, 2012. Archived August 14, 2020. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/RL41z 54Steve Horn. โObama Banned Arctic and Atlantic Offshore Drilling and Big Oil Isn’t Happy,โ DeSmog, December 20, 2016.
Nature Conservancy was also a partner in creating the Climate Leadership Council, which calls for a carbon tax in exchange for an โend to federal and state tort liability for emitters.โ The coalition eventually dropped that part of its policy platform. Fossil fuel industry members of the council include ExxonMobil, Shell, BP, ConocoPhillips and Total.55Samantha Page. โExxon, Shell, and BP support a Republican plan to do something about climate change,โ ThinkProgress, June 20, 2017. Archived August 14, 2020. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/67g7C 56David Halperin. โOil Companies and Lobbyists Say Theyโre Ready To Solve Climate Change? Check The Fine Print,โ DeSmog, June 22, 2018. 57Dana Drugmand. โDemocrats’ New Climate Plan Says Polluters Shouldnโt Receive Immunity From Lawsuits for Climate Impacts,โ DeSmog, June 30, 2020.
Just before Zichal left Nature Conservancy, the group entered into the CEO Climate Dialogue, a nexus of major green groups including Environmental Defense Fund and World Resources Institute, alongside major fossil fuel companies such as BP, Shell, Dominion Energy, Dupont, Dow Chemical, and Pacific Gas and Electric. As many climate activists called for a Green New Deal, the CEO Climate Dialogue called instead for a โmarket-based solutionโ to the climate crisis. Like the Climate Leadership Council, the group called for a carbon tax as โthe best way to use the power of the market to achieve carbon reduction goals in a simple, coherent and efficient manner.โ58Steve Horn. โHistory Repeats Itself as Corporations Join Big Green to Craft Market-Based Climate Plan,โ TheRealNews, May 15, 2019. Archived August 13, 2020. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/EbIps
Obama Years
When she worked for the Obama Administration, E&E News described Heather Zichal as โthe White House’s chief ambassador to oil and gas companies,โ and noted that she met more than 20 times with industry groups and company executives lobbying for favorable hydraulic fracturing (fracking) rules in 2012. Those groups included the American Petroleum Institute (API) and the Independent Petroleum Association of America (IPAA), along with BP America Inc., Devon Energy Corp. and Exxon Mobil Corp. During her time at the White House, Zichal was chosen to head an โinteragency working groupโ requested by API to coordinate drilling policy.59โWhite House huddled with industry before changes to BLM fracking rule,โ E&E News, April 12, 2013. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/MTVLI
Zichal previously worked as Legislative Director to Senator John Kerry and also managed energy and environmental issues for his 2004 presidential campaign. Prior to that she served as Legislative Director for Reps. Frank Pallone (D-NJ) and Rush Holt (D-NJ).60SCHEDULE 14A (DEF 14A 1 d861489ddef14a), SEC. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
Fossil Fuel Compensation
The following is based on publicly available disclosures at the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission:61Various SEC Filings for Cheniere Energy, Inc. (CIK 0000003570) via SEC.gov. PDFs on file at DeSmog.
Cheniere Energy
Fiscal Year | Fees Earned or Paid in Cash | Stock Awards | Total |
2014 | $38,397 | $403,956 | $442,353 |
2015 | $90,000 | $90,025 | $180,025 |
2016 | $90,000 | $90,014 | $180,014 |
2017 | $98,750 | $120,021 | $218,771 |
2018 | $60,747 | $0 | $60,747 |
Grand Total | $377,894 | $704,016 | $1,081,910 |
Stance on Climate Change
May 10, 2019
In an interview with Reuters, which confirmed Zichal was advising presidential hopeful Joe Biden on climate change, she called for a โmiddle groundโ stance on climate change and added that โunless we find middle ground on these issues, we risk not having any policies.โ62Valerie Volcovici. โExclusive: Presidential hopeful Biden looking for โmiddle groundโ climate policy,โ Reuters, May 10, 2019. Archived August 3, 2019. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/ayhcx
โI respect where they (activist groups) are coming from,โ Zichal said. โWhat we learned from the Obama administration is unless we find middle ground on these issues, we risk not having any policies.โ
Reuters reported that Zichal gathered โpolicy advice on Bidenโs behalf from expertsโ for his campaign, including from Ernest Moniz, former U.S. Secretary of Energy under Obama, and Frank Verrastro, former deputy assistant secretary for international energy resources for the U.S. Department of Energy.63Valerie Volcovici. โExclusive: Presidential hopeful Biden looking for โmiddle groundโ climate policy,โ Reuters, May 10, 2019. Archived August 3, 2019. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/ayhcx
Moniz heads up the non-profit group Energy Futures Initiative, which supports a โGreen Real Dealโ as a counter to a Green New Deal. The group also backs an โall of the aboveโ energy policy through a partnership with labor unions called the Labor Energy Partnership formed on the 50th anniversary of Earth Day. Moniz is also on the Board of Directors of Southern Company, which invests in carbon capture and sequestration and enhanced oil recovery research and development. Additionally, Moniz co-owns an LNG export terminal proposal called G2 Net Zero LNG through his for-profit consultancy, EJM Associates.64โLabor Helps Obama Energy Secretary Push and Profit from ‘Net Zero’ Fossil Fuels,โ DeSmog, May 24, 2020.
Verrastro is the Senior Advisor for the Energy Security and Climate Change Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), and a former oil and gas industry executive for the companies Tosco and Pennzoil. CSIS is funded by the Charles Koch Foundation and oil and gas corporations such as Chevron, ExxonMobil, BP, Shell, Cheniere, Total, ConocoPhillips, Saudi Aramco and others. He is also on the National Petroleum Council, an advisory council of the U.S. Department of Energy which contains a roster of oil and gas industry CEOs and executives.65โFoundation, Nongovernmental Organization, and Nonprofit Donors,โ Center for Strategic & International Studies. Archived August 20, 2020. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/Dbfk3 66โMembers by NameL 2020-2021 Term,โ National Petroleum Council. Archived August 20, 2020. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/9c1Cc
Zichal formerly served as a fellow at CSIS. While working for the White House, she spoke at an event moderated by Verrastro at CSIS in February 2013. Verrastro was also visited Zichal in the White House, according to White House meeting log records.67John Siciliano. โDem: ‘I think Bernie might be naked living in the trees’,โ Washington Examiner, April 13, 2016. Archived August 20, 2020. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/UKff7 68โDeputy Assistant to the President on Energy & Climate Change Heather Zichal on Energy and Environmental Policy at CSIS,โ Center for Strategic & International Studies, February 25, 2013. Archived August 20, 2020. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/ph9EA 69โWhite House Visitor Records,โ The White House: President Barack Obama. Accessed July 30, 2020. Archived data on file at DeSmog.
Both Zichal and Moniz are listed on the Policy Advisory Board to the Biden Institute at the University of Delaware.70โPOLICY ADVISORY BOARD,โ University of Delaware Biden School of Public Policy and Administration. Archived August 20, 2020.
Key Quotes
June 8, 2016
โThatโs the politics of Trump, the politics of Mitch McConnell, and the politics of Big Polluters. Itโs their way or the highway. We shouldnโt join them in a burn-it-down march to the ideological sea. But when I close my eyes and listen to some Sanders supporters outrage about the environmental planks of the Democratic Party Platform, I hear echoes of the Tea Party.โ71Heather Zichal. โSanders camp should start dealing with facts on democratsโ climate platform,โ Bloomberg Government, July 8, 2016. Archived July 9, 2016. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/O9DQF
May 4, 2012
โ[I]tโs imperative that we develop our natural gas resources in a safe and responsible way. For the Administration, this is a top priorityโ โ Zichal White House blog.72โSmart Steps on Natural Gas,โ The White House Blog, May 4, 2012. Archived Juy 9, 2012. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/0GGpk
May 4, 2012
โJust think about it: a few years ago, the conventional wisdom was that the United States would need to build more terminals to import natural gas overseas. And today, America is the world’s leading producer of natural gas and we’re actually exploring opportunities for exports.โ โ Presentation at American Petroleum Institute workshop.73โZichal on Administration’s energy policy,โ YouTube video uploaded by user โEnergy from Shale,โ May 15, 2012. Archived .mp4 on file at DeSmog.
Key Deeds
2019
Zichal attended the 2019 responsible investment annual briefing hosted by Shell Oil.74โROYAL DUTCH SHELL PLC RESPONSIBLE INVESTMENT ANNUAL BRIEFING 2019โ (PDF), Shell, April 11, 2019. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
2012โ2013
Zichal met with Cheniere executives while she still worked for the White House, before her board nomination at Cheniere.75Steve Horn. โRevealed: Heather Zichal Met with Cheniere Executives as Obama Energy Aide Before Board Nomination,โ DeSmog, June 27, 2014.
As reported at DeSmog and E&E News, Zichal met more than 20 times in 2012 with industry groups and company executives lobbying on the Bureau of Land Management’s proposal for fracking on public land. This was according to a review of White House visitor records.76Steve Horn. โObama Admin. Approves ALEC Model Bill for Fracking Chemical Fluid Disclosure on Public Lands,โ DeSmog, May 20, 2013. 77โWhite House huddled with industry before changes to BLM fracking rule,โ E&E News, April 12, 2013. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/MTVLI
โAmong them were the American Petroleum Institute (API) and the Independent Petroleum Association of America (IPAA), along with BP America Inc., Devon Energy Corp. and Exxon Mobil Corp.โ E&E News reported.78โWhite House huddled with industry before changes to BLM fracking rule,โ E&E News, April 12, 2013. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/MTVLI
As part of its 171-page document of rules, the U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM), part of the U.S. Dept. of Interior (DOI), revealed it will adopt the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) model bill written by ExxonMobil for fracking chemical fluid disclosure on U.S. public lands.79โOil and Gas; Hydraulic Fracturing on Federal and Indian Landsโ (PDF), Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management, RIN 1004-AE26. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
Cheniere Energy joined ALECโs Energy, Environment and Agriculture Task Force in 2013 and has since sponsored ALEC meetings.80โALEC Energy, Environment and Agriculture Task Force,โ SourceWatch. Accessed July 30, 2020. 81โCoal and Oil Polluters Dominate ALEC Conference,โ Greenpeace, July 31, 2014. Archived August 3, 2020. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/YoYmr
BLM would use an iteration of ALEC’s โDisclosure of Hydraulic Fracturing Fluid Composition Act.โ The New York Times revealed the bill was written by ExxonMobil.82Steve Horn. โALEC Wasn’t First Industry Trojan Horse Behind Fracking Disclosure Bill – Enter Council of State Governments,โ DeSmog, May 2, 2012.
โThe rule really reflects who has had the most access and who is being listened to,โ Fran Hunt of the Sierra Club’s โBeyond Gasโ campaign told EnergyWire. โThey’ve been following the road signs put up by industry.โ83โWhite House huddled with industry before changes to BLM fracking rule,โ E&E News, April 12, 2013. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/MTVLI
April 17, 2013
According to public White House visitor records, Zichal met with Charles Drevna and Jack Gerard among others. Those at the meeting included:84โWhite House Visitor Records,โ The White House: President Barack Obama. Accessed July 30, 2020. Archived data on file at DeSmog.
- Craig Felner
- Jack Gerard
- Khary Cauthen
- Theresa Fariello
- Erik Baptist
- Gina Bowman
- Kevin Brown
- Charles Drevna
- Robert GrecoIII
- Gary Heminger
- Michael Jennings
- William Klesse
- John Lipinski
- Misty McGowen
- Geoffrey Moody
- Thomas O’Malley
- Geoffroy Petit
- Jeffrey Reamy
- Patricia Richards
- Dave Sander
- Ann Travis
- Dale Walsh
- Darren Woods
- Lawrence Ziemba
May 14, 2012
Zichal was a keynote speaker at an American Petroleum Institute (API) workshop on โHydraulic Fracturing Recommended Practicesโ where she discussed her efforts on fracking during the Obama administration.85โZichal on Administration’s energy policy,โ YouTube video uploaded by user โEnergy from Shale,โ May 15, 2012. Archived .mp4 on file at DeSmog.
โIt’s hard to overstate how natural gas โ and our ability to access more of it than ever โ has become a game-changer and that’s why it’s been a fixture of the President’s ‘All of the Above’ energy strategy,โ she told API.
โJust think about it: a few years ago, the conventional wisdom was that the United States would need to build more terminals to import natural gas overseas. And today, America is the world’s leading producer of natural gas and we’re actually exploring opportunities for exports.โ
According to Bloomberg, one of Zichalโs tasks on the board of Cheniere โis wooing Jack Gerard, chief executive officer of the oil group who has described administration policies as โabsurdโ and โwishful thinking.โโ86Jim Snyder. โObamaโs Aide on Climate Change Seeking Oil, Gas Allies,โ Bloomberg, May 30, 2012. Archived July 30, 2020. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/G3oIA
According to documents obtained via a freedom of information request (see page 531), sponsoring groups for the workshop included:87Greenpeace FOIA Returns via DocumentCloud.
- American Gas Association
- America’s Natural Gas Alliance
- American Exploration & Production Council
- The INGAA Foundation, Inc.
- Institute for 3st Century Energy at the U.S. Chamber of Commerce
- Independent Petroleum Association of America (IPAA)
- National Association of Manufacturers
- Natural Gas Supply Association
- U.S. Chamber of Commerce
MarchโApril 2012
At a March 12, 2012 White House press briefing, Zichal praised President Barack Obama for giving a permit for the southern leg of the Keystone XL Pipeline. She said she was โencouragedโ that โthe pipeline will be going forwardโ and โthat’s a portion of the pipeline that’s not controversial.โ That section of the pipeline would be subject to months of grassroots resistance in a movement called the Tar Sands Blockade.88(Press Release). โPress Briefing by Press Secretary Jay Carney, Secretary of Interior Ken Salazar, and Deputy Assistant to the President Heather Zichal, 3/12/12,โ The White House President Barack Obama, March 12, 2012. Archived August 14, 2020. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/1rNL4
Zichal oversaw the Bakken Federal Executives Group, which was created through the signing of Executive Order 13604 on March 22, 2012. That order was part of the same package that called for expedited building of the southern leg of the Keystone XL tar sands pipeline.89Bryan Horwath. โHoeven calls for streamlined drilling permit process,โ Prairie Business, June 6, 2013. Archived July 3, 2014. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/hecJ6 90(Press Release). โInteragency Team on Bakken Continues Progress to Advance Bakken Oil and Gas Permitting and Production,โ U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management, June 6, 2013. Archived November 4, 2013. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/WcJfv 91โExecutive Order 13604 of March 22, 2012 : Improving Performance of Federal Permitting and Review of Infrastructure Projectsโ (PDF), Federal Regsiter Vol. 77, No. 60 (March 28, 2012). Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
On April 13, 2012, the Obama Administration announced that Zichal would head up an Interagency Working Group to Support Safe and Responsible Development of Unconventional Domestic Natural Gas Resources to promote fracking. On the same day of the announcement, Zichal met with officials from American Petroleum Institute, American Chemistry Council, American Gas Association and Americaโs Natural Gas Alliance. The American Gas Association praised the creation of the group in a press release days after it was announced, as did the American Petroleum Institute in an article published by The New York Times.92โMulti-Agency Collaboration on Unconventional Oil and Gas Researchโ (PDF), DOI.gov, April 13, 2012. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog. 93(Press Release). โExecutive Order โ Supporting Safe and Responsible Development of Unconventional Domestic Natural Gas Resources,โ The White House: President Barack Obama, April 13, 2012. Archived August 14, 2020. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/Ng48s 94(Press Release). โReadout of Meeting on Interagency Working Group to Support Safe and Responsible Development of Unconventional Natural Gas,โ The White House: President Barack Obama, April 13, 2012. Archived August 14, 2020. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/tqKsb 95โAmerican Gas Association Encouraged by Obamaโs Executive Order,โ Offshore Energy, April 18, 2012. Archived August 14, 2020. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/x2BmW
Three days later, the Obama Administration gave Cheniere the first ever LNG exports permit of the fracking era for its Sabine Pass terminal.96(Press Release). โFERC Approves LNG Export Project,โ FERC, April 16, 2012. Archived April 19, 2012. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/NwhgC
2011โ2012
Emails obtained through public records requests revealed Zichal was closely monitoring an unreleased EPA report concerning groundwater contamination from fracking in Pavillion, Wyoming.97Greenpeace FOIA Returns via DocumentCloud.
After a 2011 draft report of the EPAโs scientific study appeared to confirm groundwater contamination, intense industry pushback forced the EPA to surrender its unfinished report to regulators in Wyoming, who were known for lax enforcement. The remaining study research was financed by EnCana, โthe very drilling company whose wells may have caused the contamination.โ According to E&E News, environmental groups contended โthat politics might have been intruding on science.โ98Mike Soraghan. โHouse GOP wants answers on Obama aide’s role in Pavillion,โ E&E News, September 19, 2013. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
July 11, 2011
Zichal served as the industry point of contact on getting Arctic drilling for Shell Oil pushed forward as the head of an interagency group created by a July 11, 2011 Obama Executive Order. Shell Senior Counsel and lobbyist Sara Glenn met 13 times with Zichal and even wrote a 2015 email to Obama Interior Department officials longing for her presence in the White House, writing โVery disappointing to hear from you where the issue stands today. In the old days, Heather Zichal would have moderated to bring matters to a resolution.โ Obama would eventually hand a drilling permit to Shell in 2012, then rescind that order and ban Arctic drilling toward the end of his presidency in 2016.99John M. Broder. โNew and Frozen Frontier Awaits Offshore Oil Drilling,โ The New York Times, May 23, 2012. Archived August 13, 2020. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/FI7ek 100โExecutive Order 13580โInteragency Working Group on Coordination of Domestic Energy Development and Permitting in Alaskaโ (PDF), National Archives and Records Administration vol. 76, No. 136 (July 15, 2011). Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog. 101Ben Geman. โShellโs Alaskan drilling has DC lobbying roots,โ The Hill, May 24, 2012. Archived August 14, 2020. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/qXBNT 102โ15-00444โ (PDF), DOI.gov. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog. 103(Press Release). โ Obama Ignores Huge Dangers in Approving Arctic Drilling Permit for Shell Drilling Set to Begin Immediately Risks Massive Spills, Polar Bears, Walruses, Bowhead Whales,โ Center for Biological Diversity, August 30, 2012. Archived August 14, 2020. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/RL41z 104Steve Horn. โObama Banned Arctic and Atlantic Offshore Drilling and Big Oil Isn’t Happy,โ DeSmog, December 20, 2016.
Affiliations
- Broadscale โ Operating advisor.105โHeather Zichal,โ Broadscale. Archived July 29, 2020. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/rotkq
- Biden Institute at the University of Delaware โ Member, Policy Advisory Board.106โPOLICY ADVISORY BOARD,โ University of Delaware Biden School of Public Policy and Administration. Archived August 20, 2020.
- Abengoa Bioenergy โ Board Member.107โHeather Zichal,โ Broadscale. Archived July 29, 2020. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/rotkq
- Sensity โ Senior advisor.108โHeather Zichal,โ Broadscale. Archived July 29, 2020. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/rotkq
- Naturevest โ Board member.109โHeather Zichal,โ Broadscale. Archived July 29, 2020. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/rotkq
- Cheniere โ Nominated as director in April 2014. Appointed in June 2014. Resigned on July 16, 2018.110SEC SCHEDULE 14A d662404ddef14a 111SEC SCHEDULE 14A d760348ddef14a 112SEC FORM 8K, July 16, 2018.
- Center for Strategic and International Studies โ Fellow.113John Siciliano. โDem: ‘I think Bernie might be naked living in the trees’,โ Washington Examiner, April 13, 2016. Archived August 20, 2020. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/UKff7
- Atlantic Council โGlobal Energy Centerโ โ Named senior fellow at Global Energy Center on Jan 12, 2015.114โTop Presidential Adviser Heather Zichal to Add Strategic Foresight Expertise to Atlantic Council Global Energy Center,โ The Atlantic Council, January 12, 2015. Archived July 28, 2020. Archive URL:https://archive.vn/E6Wsu
- PG&E โ โIndependent energy consultantโ on PG&Eโs National Panel of Advisers.115David Kligman and Tom Schmitz. โPG&E Convenes National Panel of Advisers to Guide Focus on Sustainability,โ Currents, January 15, 2016. Archived July 28, 2020. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/G11c9
- Zichal, Inc. โ According to a DC corporations search, Zichal Inc’s listed status is โrevoked.โ It was registered in January of 2014.116Dc.Gov CorpOnline Search performed August 2020.
- Blue Prosperity Coalition (Waitt Foundation) โ Executive Director (June 2019 โ Present).117โHeather Zichal,โ LinkedIn. Accessed August 3, 2020.
- The Nature Conservancy โ Vice President, Corporate Engagement (Jan 2018 โ May 2019).118โHeather Zichal,โ LinkedIn. Accessed August 3, 2020.
- The Solar Foundation โ Member, board of directors (nominated in 2015). Listed as of 2018 990 filing and last listed in the Foundationโs 2017 annual report.119โPRESS RELEASE: The Solar Foundation Welcomes Two Renowned Solar Champions as Directors,โ The Solar Foundation, March 17, 2015. Archived July 29, 2020. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/u9kqs 120The Solar Foundation form 990 for filing period ending December 2018 via ProPublica. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog. 121โAnnual Reportโ (PDF), The Solar Foundation, 2017. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
Social Media
- @hrzichal on Twitter
- Heather Zichal on LinkedIn
Publications
Sample Publications:
- Heather Zichal. โSanders camp should start dealing with facts on democratsโ climate platform,โ Bloomberg Government, July 8, 2016.
- Heather Zichal. โClimate Change Deniers Face Growing Rift in GOP,โ Roll Call, October 27, 2015.
Other Resources
- โThe Planet Is Heading to Catastrophe and Joe Biden Apparently Wants to Take the ‘Middle Ground’,โ Mother Jones, May 11, 2019.
- โObamaโs Aide on Climate Change Seeking Oil, Gas Allies,โ Bloomberg, May 29, 2012.
- โHeather Zichal,โ Wikipedia.
Resources
- 1โHeather Zichal,โ LinkedIn. Accessed August 3, 2020.
- 2โHeather Zichal,โ LinkedIn. Accessed August 3, 2020.
- 3Various SEC Filings for Cheniere Energy, Inc. (CIK 0000003570) via SEC.gov. PDFs on file at DeSmog.
- 4Steve Horn. โRevealed: Heather Zichal Met with Cheniere Executives as Obama Energy Aide Before Board Nomination,โ DeSmog, June 27, 2014.
- 5David Kligman and Tom Schmitz. โPG&E Convenes National Panel of Advisers to Guide Focus on Sustainability,โ Currents, January 15, 2016. Archived July 28, 2020. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/G11c9
- 6โVIDEO: PG&Eโs Commitment to Environment Includes Reducing Methane,โ Currents, October 20, 2016. Archived August 13, 2020. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/8YrEp
- 7(Press Release). โPG&E Statement on Company’s Guilty Plea Related to 2018 Camp Fire,โ PG&E, June 16, 2020. Archived August 13, 2020. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/lA57g
- 8โHeather Zichal,โ Broadscale. Archived July 29, 2020. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/rotkq
- 9Tom Hals and Tracy Rucinksi. โAbengoa unit files for U.S. bankruptcy with up to billion in debt,โ Reuters, February 24, 2016. Archived August 13, 2020. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/G100K
- 10โAbengoa Bioenergy US Holdings, LLC et al., Debtors,โ (PDF), United States Bankruptcy Court Eastern District of Missouri. Filed 04/21/2016 (Case 16-41161). Archived .pdf on file at Desmog.
- 11โEnergy Department Finalizes 2 Million Loan Guarantee to Support the Abengoa Bioenergy Project,โ Energy.gov, September 29, 2011. Archived August 13, 2020. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/leP6I
- 12โABENGOA BIOENERGY,โ Energy.gov Loan Programs Office. Archived August 13, 2020. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/2iGDv
- 13Liska, Adam J.; Yang, Haishun; Milner, Maribeth; Goddard, Steve; Blanco-Canqui, Humberto; Pelton, Matthew P.; Fang, Xiao X.; Zhu, Haitao; and Suyker, Andrew E., โBiofuels from crop residue can reduce soil carbon and increase CO2 emissions,โ Adam Liska Papers, (2014).
- 14โClimate benefit of biofuels from corn residue: Researchers cast doubt,โ ScienceDaily, April 20, 2014. Archived August 13, 2020. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/atJsk
- 15AP. โEthanol made from corn stalks spews more CO2 than gasoline,โ CBC News, April 21, 2014. Archived August 13, 2020. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/c0glH
- 16โHeather Zichal,โ Broadscale. Archived March 27, 2016. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/0j4WE
- 17Tom Tiernan. โGroup aims to link utilities, new technologiesโ (PDF), Electric Power Daily, September 27, 2012. Via Factiva.
- 18โJim Rogers Joins Broadscale as Senior Advisor,โ BusinessWire, June 9, 2014. Archived August 13, 2020. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/nlz3l
- 19(Press Release). โTouGas Oilfield Solutions announces Series D Investment with New Investor Broadscaleโ (PDF), TouGas Oilfield Solutions, September 21, 2015. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 20โTouGas EP-1F for Hydraulic Fracturing,โ TouGas Oilfield Solutions, July 21, 2020. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 21โTouGas Oilfield Solutions targets fracking products orders,โ GERCOL, May 15, 2013. Via Factiva.
- 22Toby Lewis. โNew model ventures rise for corporate needs,โ Global Corporate Venturing, July 27, 2013. Archived August 13, 2020. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/HSjJL
- 23โGDF SUEZ Joins Broadscale Group to Accelerate Energy Innovations,โ PR Newswire, July 22, 2014. Archived August 13, 2020. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/QXxLE
- 24Toby Lewis. โNew model ventures rise for corporate needs,โ Global Corporate Venturing, July 27, 2013. Archived August 13, 2020. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/HSjJL
- 25โCheniere Marketing and ENGIE Sign 5-Year LNG Sale and Purchase Agreement,โ PR Newswire, October 28, 2015. Archived August 13, 2020. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/hthUY
- 26โTOTAL CLOSES THE ACQUISITION OF ENGIEโS UPSTREAM LNG BUSINESS AND BECOMES WORLD #2 LNG PLAYER,โ Total, July 13, 2018. Archived August 13, 2020. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/vLO0k
- 27โTop Presidential Adviser Heather Zichal to Add Strategic Foresight Expertise to Atlantic Council Global Energy Center,โ The Atlantic Council, January 12, 2015. Archived July 28, 2020. Archive URL:https://archive.vn/E6Wsu
- 28Steve Horn. โHeather Zichal, Former Top Obama Energy Aide, Named Fellow at Industry-Funded Atlantic Council,โ DeSmog, January 21, 2015.
- 29โSupporters,โ Atlantic Council. Archived January 24, 2015. Archive URL: https://archive.is/CFHGh
- 30โAtlantic Council and Corporate Donors,โ The New York Times, August 7, 2016. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 31Sharon Kelly. โThousands of Pages of Confidential Think Tank Documents Detail Corporate Ties, New York Times Reports,โ DeSmog, August 9, 2016.
- 32โCorporate Programโ (PDF), Atlantic Council, October 21, 2013. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 33โHonor roll of contributors,โ Atlantic Council. Archived August 14, 2020. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/D5lCM
- 34โObama aide joins Nature Conservancy,โ Governors’ Wind & Energy Solar Coalition, January 10, 2018. Archived August 14, 2020. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/muAeC
- 35Justin Gillis. โGroup Earns Oil Income Despite Pledge on Drilling,โ The New York Times, August 3, 2014. Archived August 14, 2020. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/AM7jY
- 36Steve Horn. โThis Is the Drilling Method for Most US Oil But Regulators Offer Almost No Oversight,โ DeSmog, August 4, 2017.
- 37โTESTIMONY OF JASON ALBRITTON DIRECTOR OF US CLIMATE AND ENERGY POLICY BEFORE THE HOUSE ENERGY AND COMMERCE COMMITTEE SUBCOMMITTEE ON ENVIRONMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGEโ (PDF), The Nature Conservancy, February 6, 2020. Retrieved from Docs.gov. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 38Amy Harder. โCarbon capture coalition expands & rebrands,โ Axios, February 22, 2018. Archived August 14, 2020. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/fabGF
- 39โAbout the Carbon Capture Coalition,โ Carbon Capture Coalition. Archived August 14, 2020. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/H3YVJ
- 40โTouGas EP-1F for Hydraulic Fracturing,โ TouGas Oilfield Solutions, July 21, 2020. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 41โROYAL DUTCH SHELL PLC RESPONSIBLE INVESTMENT ANNUAL BRIEFING 2019โ (PDF), Shell, April 11, 2019. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 42โNATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS,โ Shell. Archived August 13, 2020. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/mJMmM
- 43โGreen Finance Observatory: Five major problems with natural climate solutions,โ REDD-Monitor, October 9, 2019. Archived August 13, 2020. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/C7Dtw
- 44โNGOs oppose the oil industryโs Natural Climate Solutions and demand that Eni and Shell keep fossil fuels in the ground,โ REDD-Monitor, May 14, 2019. Archived August 13, 2020. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/J7xt1
- 45โNew report on human rights violations linked to REDD in Acre, Brazil,โ Friends of the Earth, December 8, 2014. Archived August 13, 2020. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/XF8C2
- 46โHow additional is the Clean Development Mechanism?โ (PDF), OKO-Institut e.V., March 2016. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 47โLessons Learned from the European Unionโs Emissions Trading Scheme and the Kyoto Protocolโs Clean Development Mechanismโ (PDF), United States Government Accountability Office (GAO), November 2008. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 48โShell invests in nature as part of broad drive to tackle CO2 emissions,โ Shell, April 8, 2019. Archived August 14, 2020. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/JlP4A
- 49John M. Broder. โNew and Frozen Frontier Awaits Offshore Oil Drilling,โ The New York Times, May 23, 2012. Archived August 13, 2020. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/FI7ek
- 50โExecutive Order 13580โInteragency Working Group on Coordination of Domestic Energy Development and Permitting in Alaskaโ (PDF), National Archives and Records Administration vol. 76, No. 136 (July 15, 2011). Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 51Ben Geman. โShellโs Alaskan drilling has DC lobbying roots,โ The Hill, May 24, 2012. Archived August 14, 2020. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/qXBNT
- 52โ15-00444โ (PDF), DOI.gov. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 53(Press Release). โ Obama Ignores Huge Dangers in Approving Arctic Drilling Permit for Shell Drilling Set to Begin Immediately Risks Massive Spills, Polar Bears, Walruses, Bowhead Whales,โ Center for Biological Diversity, August 30, 2012. Archived August 14, 2020. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/RL41z
- 54Steve Horn. โObama Banned Arctic and Atlantic Offshore Drilling and Big Oil Isn’t Happy,โ DeSmog, December 20, 2016.
- 55Samantha Page. โExxon, Shell, and BP support a Republican plan to do something about climate change,โ ThinkProgress, June 20, 2017. Archived August 14, 2020. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/67g7C
- 56David Halperin. โOil Companies and Lobbyists Say Theyโre Ready To Solve Climate Change? Check The Fine Print,โ DeSmog, June 22, 2018.
- 57Dana Drugmand. โDemocrats’ New Climate Plan Says Polluters Shouldnโt Receive Immunity From Lawsuits for Climate Impacts,โ DeSmog, June 30, 2020.
- 58Steve Horn. โHistory Repeats Itself as Corporations Join Big Green to Craft Market-Based Climate Plan,โ TheRealNews, May 15, 2019. Archived August 13, 2020. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/EbIps
- 59โWhite House huddled with industry before changes to BLM fracking rule,โ E&E News, April 12, 2013. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/MTVLI
- 60SCHEDULE 14A (DEF 14A 1 d861489ddef14a), SEC. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 61Various SEC Filings for Cheniere Energy, Inc. (CIK 0000003570) via SEC.gov. PDFs on file at DeSmog.
- 62Valerie Volcovici. โExclusive: Presidential hopeful Biden looking for โmiddle groundโ climate policy,โ Reuters, May 10, 2019. Archived August 3, 2019. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/ayhcx
- 63Valerie Volcovici. โExclusive: Presidential hopeful Biden looking for โmiddle groundโ climate policy,โ Reuters, May 10, 2019. Archived August 3, 2019. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/ayhcx
- 64โLabor Helps Obama Energy Secretary Push and Profit from ‘Net Zero’ Fossil Fuels,โ DeSmog, May 24, 2020.
- 65โFoundation, Nongovernmental Organization, and Nonprofit Donors,โ Center for Strategic & International Studies. Archived August 20, 2020. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/Dbfk3
- 66โMembers by NameL 2020-2021 Term,โ National Petroleum Council. Archived August 20, 2020. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/9c1Cc
- 67John Siciliano. โDem: ‘I think Bernie might be naked living in the trees’,โ Washington Examiner, April 13, 2016. Archived August 20, 2020. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/UKff7
- 68โDeputy Assistant to the President on Energy & Climate Change Heather Zichal on Energy and Environmental Policy at CSIS,โ Center for Strategic & International Studies, February 25, 2013. Archived August 20, 2020. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/ph9EA
- 69โWhite House Visitor Records,โ The White House: President Barack Obama. Accessed July 30, 2020. Archived data on file at DeSmog.
- 70โPOLICY ADVISORY BOARD,โ University of Delaware Biden School of Public Policy and Administration. Archived August 20, 2020.
- 71Heather Zichal. โSanders camp should start dealing with facts on democratsโ climate platform,โ Bloomberg Government, July 8, 2016. Archived July 9, 2016. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/O9DQF
- 72โSmart Steps on Natural Gas,โ The White House Blog, May 4, 2012. Archived Juy 9, 2012. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/0GGpk
- 73โZichal on Administration’s energy policy,โ YouTube video uploaded by user โEnergy from Shale,โ May 15, 2012. Archived .mp4 on file at DeSmog.
- 74โROYAL DUTCH SHELL PLC RESPONSIBLE INVESTMENT ANNUAL BRIEFING 2019โ (PDF), Shell, April 11, 2019. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 75Steve Horn. โRevealed: Heather Zichal Met with Cheniere Executives as Obama Energy Aide Before Board Nomination,โ DeSmog, June 27, 2014.
- 76Steve Horn. โObama Admin. Approves ALEC Model Bill for Fracking Chemical Fluid Disclosure on Public Lands,โ DeSmog, May 20, 2013.
- 77โWhite House huddled with industry before changes to BLM fracking rule,โ E&E News, April 12, 2013. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/MTVLI
- 78โWhite House huddled with industry before changes to BLM fracking rule,โ E&E News, April 12, 2013. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/MTVLI
- 79โOil and Gas; Hydraulic Fracturing on Federal and Indian Landsโ (PDF), Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management, RIN 1004-AE26. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 80โALEC Energy, Environment and Agriculture Task Force,โ SourceWatch. Accessed July 30, 2020.
- 81โCoal and Oil Polluters Dominate ALEC Conference,โ Greenpeace, July 31, 2014. Archived August 3, 2020. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/YoYmr
- 82Steve Horn. โALEC Wasn’t First Industry Trojan Horse Behind Fracking Disclosure Bill – Enter Council of State Governments,โ DeSmog, May 2, 2012.
- 83โWhite House huddled with industry before changes to BLM fracking rule,โ E&E News, April 12, 2013. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/MTVLI
- 84โWhite House Visitor Records,โ The White House: President Barack Obama. Accessed July 30, 2020. Archived data on file at DeSmog.
- 85โZichal on Administration’s energy policy,โ YouTube video uploaded by user โEnergy from Shale,โ May 15, 2012. Archived .mp4 on file at DeSmog.
- 86Jim Snyder. โObamaโs Aide on Climate Change Seeking Oil, Gas Allies,โ Bloomberg, May 30, 2012. Archived July 30, 2020. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/G3oIA
- 87
- 88(Press Release). โPress Briefing by Press Secretary Jay Carney, Secretary of Interior Ken Salazar, and Deputy Assistant to the President Heather Zichal, 3/12/12,โ The White House President Barack Obama, March 12, 2012. Archived August 14, 2020. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/1rNL4
- 89Bryan Horwath. โHoeven calls for streamlined drilling permit process,โ Prairie Business, June 6, 2013. Archived July 3, 2014. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/hecJ6
- 90(Press Release). โInteragency Team on Bakken Continues Progress to Advance Bakken Oil and Gas Permitting and Production,โ U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management, June 6, 2013. Archived November 4, 2013. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/WcJfv
- 91โExecutive Order 13604 of March 22, 2012 : Improving Performance of Federal Permitting and Review of Infrastructure Projectsโ (PDF), Federal Regsiter Vol. 77, No. 60 (March 28, 2012). Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 92โMulti-Agency Collaboration on Unconventional Oil and Gas Researchโ (PDF), DOI.gov, April 13, 2012. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 93(Press Release). โExecutive Order โ Supporting Safe and Responsible Development of Unconventional Domestic Natural Gas Resources,โ The White House: President Barack Obama, April 13, 2012. Archived August 14, 2020. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/Ng48s
- 94(Press Release). โReadout of Meeting on Interagency Working Group to Support Safe and Responsible Development of Unconventional Natural Gas,โ The White House: President Barack Obama, April 13, 2012. Archived August 14, 2020. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/tqKsb
- 95โAmerican Gas Association Encouraged by Obamaโs Executive Order,โ Offshore Energy, April 18, 2012. Archived August 14, 2020. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/x2BmW
- 96(Press Release). โFERC Approves LNG Export Project,โ FERC, April 16, 2012. Archived April 19, 2012. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/NwhgC
- 97
- 98Mike Soraghan. โHouse GOP wants answers on Obama aide’s role in Pavillion,โ E&E News, September 19, 2013. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 99John M. Broder. โNew and Frozen Frontier Awaits Offshore Oil Drilling,โ The New York Times, May 23, 2012. Archived August 13, 2020. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/FI7ek
- 100โExecutive Order 13580โInteragency Working Group on Coordination of Domestic Energy Development and Permitting in Alaskaโ (PDF), National Archives and Records Administration vol. 76, No. 136 (July 15, 2011). Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 101Ben Geman. โShellโs Alaskan drilling has DC lobbying roots,โ The Hill, May 24, 2012. Archived August 14, 2020. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/qXBNT
- 102โ15-00444โ (PDF), DOI.gov. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 103(Press Release). โ Obama Ignores Huge Dangers in Approving Arctic Drilling Permit for Shell Drilling Set to Begin Immediately Risks Massive Spills, Polar Bears, Walruses, Bowhead Whales,โ Center for Biological Diversity, August 30, 2012. Archived August 14, 2020. Archive URL: http://archive.vn/RL41z
- 104Steve Horn. โObama Banned Arctic and Atlantic Offshore Drilling and Big Oil Isn’t Happy,โ DeSmog, December 20, 2016.
- 105โHeather Zichal,โ Broadscale. Archived July 29, 2020. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/rotkq
- 106โPOLICY ADVISORY BOARD,โ University of Delaware Biden School of Public Policy and Administration. Archived August 20, 2020.
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- 108โHeather Zichal,โ Broadscale. Archived July 29, 2020. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/rotkq
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- 117โHeather Zichal,โ LinkedIn. Accessed August 3, 2020.
- 118โHeather Zichal,โ LinkedIn. Accessed August 3, 2020.
- 119โPRESS RELEASE: The Solar Foundation Welcomes Two Renowned Solar Champions as Directors,โ The Solar Foundation, March 17, 2015. Archived July 29, 2020. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/u9kqs
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