By Kieran Cooke for Climate Newsย Network
Two European states with a traditional reliance on coal are taking radically different paths as the climate crisisย worsens.
Both countries are in the European Union, both have for years been known for their reliance on coal. But now their policies could not differ more: one is turning away from coal, the most polluting fossil fuel, while the other is enthusiastically developingย it.
At one end of the spectrum is Spain: it plansย to close its last operating coal mine by the end of 2021. Not so long ago the country was heavily dependent on coal for its power: last year coal generated less than 5% of Spainโsย electricity.
At the other extreme is Poland. Despite EU-wide commitments to phase out the use of coal over the coming years,ย Poland is still opening new coal pits and coal-fired power plants.
In recent days the government in Warsaw grantedย POLSKA PGE, the state-owned energy company, a permit to expand aย ligniteย mine at Turรณw, on Polandโs borders with Germany and the Czechย Republic.
According to campaign groups,ย the permit was rushed throughย without an environmental impact assessment being completed and before an appeals process was allowed toย start.
Bothย Germanyย and theย Czech Republicย have protested about theย mine.
Belchatow power station in central Poland isย Europeโs biggest coal-burning power station. Emitting an estimated 30 million tonnes of climate-changing greenhouse gases each year, it is also the most polluting. More than 80% of Polandโs electricity is generated fromย coal.
In Spain, more than 50,000 people were employed in coal mining in the mid-1990s, mainly in the northern province of Asturias. Mining communities formed an integral part of the countryโs social fabric and played an important role in its history, havingย launched attacks against the forces of the dictator General Francoย during Spainโs bitter civilย war.
Over recent years the Spanish government hasย inaugurated a series of initiatives with mining communities, promising early retirement packages, money, and jobs in renewable powerย industries.
Analysts say a number ofย additional factors have helped Spain wean itself off coal. State subsidies to the industry have beenย cut.
Renewablesย flourish
The EUโsย Emissions Trading Systemย (ETS) has, after many years of inactivity and failed policy objectives, finallyย managed to set a price on carbon emissionsย which discourages large users of fossilย fuels.
Falling prices for gas โ a fossil fuel, but one with far lower emissions than coal โ have helped Spainโs power turnaround. Spain has also madeย big investments in renewables such as wind and solar power.
But all is not rosy in Spain on the emissions front. While coal-burning emissions have fallen dramatically in recent years,ย greenhouse gas emissions from the transport and other sectors have risenย by well above the EUย average.
Poland does not have the solar advantages of sunny Spain. It also requires far more energy for heating purposes. Like Spain, Poland has a long coal-mining tradition and, despite many mine closures following the collapse of communism in the early 1990s, mining unions remain strong and exert considerable politicalย influence.
Polandโs ruling populist Law and Justice Party has consistently backed the countryโs coal lobby and the mining unions: large subsidies are still granted to the sector and legislation has recently come into force making itย easier for operators to open new mines.
Independenceย cherished
There are wider political and security issues at play: historically, coal has been seen in Poland as vital, ensuring the countryโs independence. Warsaw is acutely suspicious of any form of reliance on gas supplies from Russia for its energyย needs.
But change could be on the way. There isย growing awareness in Polandย about the dangers to the climate as a whole โ and to the health of the population โ of continued reliance on coal. Protests have been held in several towns and cities about the impact of coal-mining on air quality and waterย supplies.
The EU is exertingย more pressure on states to cut back on fossil fuel useย and meet emission reductionย targets.
In the end finance โ or the lack of it โ could be the key to reducing coal use. Financial institutions and insurers are becomingย increasingly wary about investing or supporting coal projects.
Coal, within the EU and worldwide, is rapidly running out ofย friends.
Photo credit: qbanez/Wikimedia/CC BYย 3.0
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