BBC Accused of Doing PR for Major Polluters

The broadcasterโ€™s in-house content studio has been paid to promote fossil fuel firms and petrostates with a history of persecuting journalists.
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BBC New Broadcasting House in central London. Credit: Credit: Alexander Svensson (CC-BY-2.0)

The BBC has produced dozens of films and articles for oil and gas companies, agricultural giants, fossil fuel states, and high-emission transport firms in recent years, DeSmog can reveal. 

Experts say the BBC has been โ€œgreenwashingโ€ the image of companies and countries contributing to global emissions by trumpeting their dubious climate credentials and promoting their favoured solutions to the crisis. 

The content was produced by BBC StoryWorks, a studio that produces videos, podcasts, and articles paid for commercial clients, which it publishes on BBC channels outside the UK. 

On its website, BBC StoryWorks boasts that it leverages the reputation of the BBC โ€“ โ€œour century-long pedigree as the worldโ€™s most trusted storytellersโ€ โ€“ to create content for commercial clients โ€œthat moves and inspires curious minds, across platforms and across the globeโ€.

BBC StoryWorks produces traditional adverts for its clients, as well as content โ€œwith an editorial styleโ€ (known as โ€œbrandedโ€ or โ€œnativeโ€ content).

Branded content appears outside the UK on the BBC website โ€“ the most viewed news platform in the world โ€“ and on its non-UK broadcast channels, in a similar format to normal editorial output. However, branded content promotes the paying client and typically features interviews with the clientโ€™s senior executives. It is only distinguished by a disclaimer that it has been paid for by an external organisation.

BBC Studios โ€“ which includes StoryWorks โ€“ generated ยฃ1.8 billion of sales in the year 2023/24, according to the broadcasterโ€™s annual accounts. The BBCโ€˜s financial deficit is projected to reach nearly ยฃ500 million next year, with the licence fee โ€“ its primary funding source โ€“ having been frozen for several years by the last Conservative government.

In recent months, the BBC has created content for a number of oil and gas companies, including the French fossil fuel company Engie, which owns a number of coal-fired power plants and relies heavily on gas for its energy production.ย 

BBC StoryWorks has also produced content for liquified natural gas (LNG) companies, and has touted the energy source as a cleaner alternative to other fossil fuels. This is despite experts warning that the booming LNG industry could contribute more heavily to the climate crisis than the ongoing use of coal, the most carbon-intensive fossil fuel.ย 

Agriculture accounts for 21 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions, and BBC StoryWorks has produced films for some of the worldโ€™s biggest food and farming firms, including Nestlรฉ and Bayer, often promoting the disputed green technologies backed by the industry. As previously revealed by DeSmog, BBC StoryWorks has produced dozens of documentaries sponsored by the pesticide giant Corteva, publicising the technologies developed and sold by the firm.

Petrostates with a history of human rights abuses โ€“ including the imprisonment of journalists โ€“ have also been promoted by BBC StoryWorks.

An investigation by DeSmog and Drilled previously revealed that many of the worldโ€™s most trusted English-language news outlets regularly promote the fossil fuel industryโ€™s narratives on climate-related topics. Bloomberg, The Economist, the Financial Times, the New York Times, Politico, Reuters, and the Washington Post all have internal commercial studios that create advertising content for fossil fuel firms.

The BBC is committed to science-led climate reporting and in 2021 signed the Climate Content Pledge, promising to do โ€œmore and better climate story-telling on screen across all genres.โ€

However, critics say that BBC StoryWorks is using the broadcasterโ€™s reputation โ€“ including its role as a public service broadcaster โ€“ to make money from commercial content that often flouts its editorial values.

โ€œThe contracts to make this sort of content are won on the back of the BBCโ€™s reputation as an honest and impartial broadcaster,โ€ Patrick Howse, the BBCโ€™s former Baghdad bureau chief, told DeSmog. โ€œAccepting money from sources like this, to make content like this, risks undermining the BBCโ€™s own hard-won reputation and will ultimately put it on the wrong side of history.

โ€œThis is a huge disservice to the BBCโ€™s audiences, and a betrayal of the many brave and conscientious BBC journalists around the world who see holding power to account and telling the truth as their raison dโ€™etre.โ€

Last year was the warmest year since global records began in 1850. The worldโ€™s foremost climate science body, the UNโ€™s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), has said that โ€œimmediate and deep emissions reductionsโ€ are needed โ€œacross all sectorsโ€ to limit global warming to 1.5C โ€“ the global target established by the 2015 Paris Agreement.

In June 2024, UN Secretary-General Antรณnio Guterres said that advertising agencies had โ€œaided and abettedโ€ the fossil fuel industry, โ€œacting as enablers to planetary destructionโ€. 

โ€œFossil fuels are not only poisoning our planet โ€“ theyโ€™re toxic for your brand,โ€ he said. 

A BBC StoryWorks spokesperson said that the studio โ€œoperates entirely separately from the BBCโ€™s editorial operationsโ€ and that its output โ€œis clearly labelled as commercial contentโ€.

However, content labelling doesnโ€™t always help readers and viewers to understand that it has been paid for by a commercial client. A 2018 Boston University study found that only one in 10 people recognised native advertising โ€“ which includes branded content โ€“ as advertising rather than reporting.

The BBC StoryWorks spokesperson added that, โ€œBBC StoryWorks operates under robust and established governance and is required to comply with the BBCโ€™s guidelines as set out in the publicly available Advertising and Sponsorship Guidelines

โ€œCentral to these guidelines is a commitment to factual accuracy in any piece of content. All of the content cited in this article was approved as compliant with the BBCโ€™s advertising guidelines prior to its publication.โ€

Fossil Fuel Firms and False Solutions

In April and June, BBC StoryWorks published two articles paid for by Engie, a global energy company with annual revenues of $60 billion, which is part-owned by the French state. The articles promoted Engieโ€™s green credentials, claiming it has a mission โ€œto accelerate the energy transitionโ€, despite the firmโ€™s extensive fossil fuel interests.

Though ENGIE has ambitious renewable development objectives, it plans to expand its LNG terminals in Europe, is one of the top European developers of gas power plants globally, and has agreed to import American shale gas beyond 2040.ย 

Between 2016 and 2022, the firm sold 16 of its coal plants โ€“ a 60 percent reduction in its coal capacity. However, Engie chose to sell these assets rather than close them down. This transferred the polluting plants to different owners, meaning that the plants will still contribute to global emissions.

The BBC StoryWorks articles didnโ€™t provide information about the companyโ€™s existing polluting activities, or the global need to rapidly scale-down oil, gas, and coal production. 

Professor Peter Newell, an academic at the University of Sussex specialising in environmental politics, told DeSmog: โ€œBecause branded content looks like regular BBC journalism which the public trust as independent, it compromises the integrity of the organisation and its public role, including to help society respond seriously to the climate crisis.โ€

In 2021, the broadcaster launched a โ€œHumanising Energyโ€ series โ€œpresented byโ€ the World Energy Council, a global forum for sustainable energy development, followed by a second series in 2023.

The two series featured dozens of five-minute films paid for by individual firms, showcasing their supposed climate solutions. These films typically involved one-on-one interviews with people either creating or benefiting from these green innovations, as well as cinematic shots of the technologies being deployed.ย 

A screenshot of a BBC StoryWorks film from its โ€Humanising Energyโ€œ series. Credit: BBC

Sponsors of films in the two Humanising Energy series included the fossil fuel companies Engie Brazil, Gasum (the largest distributor of LNG in the Nordic countries), CLP Holdings (which has said it wonโ€™t phase out its coal assets before 2040, and hasnโ€™t committed to phasing out its gas assets), Mabanaft, and Invenergy, the energy services firm Voith, and the engine manufacturer Cummins.

All of these films touted the supposed climate credentials of the featured companies, without examining their contribution to global emissions or the viability of the featured technologies.

In January 2024, Cummins agreed to pay a record $1.7 billion fine โ€“ the second largest environmental penalty ever in the U.S. โ€“ after facing charges that it equipped roughly one million vehicles with devices that bypassed emissions sensors. The company didnโ€™t admit wrongdoing. 

Just a few months earlier, BBC StoryWorks produced a film for Cummins boasting of the firmโ€™s efforts to help decarbonise commercial vehicles.

The Invenergy film focused on its construction of an LNG plant in El Salvador. While the content attempted to show how the plant was providing energy and jobs to the local community, it also tried to tout the environmental benefits of natural gas.

During the film, an Invenergy spokesperson suggested that natural gas generates 30 percent less carbon dioxide than other fossil fuels, neglecting the fact that natural gas is composed largely of methane, which is over 80 times more potent than CO2 across a 20 year period. Even relatively small methane leaks during the process of extracting, shipping, and processing natural gas contribute significantly to global emissions.

One of the films in the Humanising Energy series โ€“ โ€œThe evolution of home energyโ€ โ€“ promoted the role of hydrogen in supplying home heating. Yet, while green hydrogen is widely accepted as necessary for decarbonising heavy industry and other sectors where alternative renewable energy sources are unworkable, it is not considered viable for heating homes.

A peer-reviewed assessment of over 50 independent studies in 2024 concluded that hydrogen use in domestic heating is inefficient, costly and resource-intensive compared to other low-carbon options such as heat pumps.

The BBC StoryWorks film was paid for by DNV, a Norwegian company that claims to be โ€œthe worldโ€™s leading resource of independent energy experts and technical advisorsโ€, including the oil and gas sector. DNV says on its website that it โ€œdelivers broad technical expertise and experience to enable hydrogen to play a key role in the energy transitionโ€. 

A DNV spokesperson said that, โ€œWhile DNV does work with oil and gas companies and organisations across renewable energy production, it is not involved in the direct production or distribution of energyโ€ฆ Our approach to energy solutions is rooted in comprehensive research and rigorous testing, and our position as an independent third party is a central part of our identity and our work.โ€

The Humanising Energy series also featured two films advocating for the development and deployment of sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs) โ€“ one paid for by the aviation giant Boeing, and one paid for by the energy and chemicals company Sasol alongside the gas company Linde.

A screenshot of a BBC StoryWorks film, sponsored by Boeing, from its โ€Humanising Energyโ€œ series. Credit: BBC

SAFs have been criticised as being environmentally damaging and currently economically unviable. The Advertising Standards Authority this month banned a Virgin Atlantic advert for making the โ€œmisleadingโ€ claim that it had developed a โ€œ100 percent sustainable aviation fuelโ€.

In August 2022, the International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) said that the amount of money invested by airlines in SAFs was โ€œinsufficientโ€ and that it seemed as though the technology was simply โ€œabout burnishing airlinesโ€™ imagesโ€ by inflating their environmental credentials.

Sasol told DeSmog that its SAF initiatives were not an example of greenwashing and that it believes SAFs hold the โ€œpromise to be an enabler of our own decarbonisation and contribute to decarbonising aviation.โ€

Aviation contributes approximately 2.5 percent of worldwide greenhouse gas emissions, yet BBC StoryWorks has produced content for a number of airlines in recent months and years, including Uzbekistan Airways (March 2024), China Southern Airline (2022), and Korean Air (2017).

BBC StoryWorks has also worked extensively with other polluting transport companies. 

It produced an advertising campaign for the shipping and cruise company Cunard that appeared on BBC StoryWorks social media pages in July 2024. Europeโ€™s 218 cruise ships emitted as much sulphur oxides as one billion cars in 2022.

BBC StoryWorks has also produced branded content for the car company Hyundai, as well as for Lexus, Volkswagen, and Jaguar. In addition, the studio has produced a six-part series paid for by the Indian multinational motorcycle company Royal Enfield. 

Transport contributes roughly one quarter of all energy related greenhouse gas emissions, while outdoor air pollution is estimated to cause more than 3.2 million premature deaths worldwide every year.

โ€œThis important investigation reveals that BBC StoryWorks has been doing the greenwashing work of major polluting firms driving the climate crisis by obscuring their role and promoting their preferred โ€˜solutionsโ€™, however discredited by science,โ€ Professor Newell told DeSmog.

Greenwashing is when a company falsely brands something as eco-friendly, green or sustainable. In 2017, the BBC itself produced a guide to the โ€œseven ways to spot businesses greenwashingโ€.

Big Ag Polluters

BBC StoryWorks has also been paid to produce content for major agricultural polluters and their lobbyists. This content has often promoted the technological hacks that food and farming giants claim will reduce the sectorโ€™s emissions, rather than the more fundamental changes in production and consumption that scientists say will be crucial in limiting Big Agโ€™s climate impact. 

In 2023, BBC StoryWorks produced an advertising campaign for the pesticides giant Bayer, the worldโ€™s second largest crop chemicals company, boasting of the firmโ€™s efforts to facilitate โ€œscientific breakthroughsโ€.

In addition, as part of a branded content series in late 2023 entitled โ€œThe Climate and Usโ€, BBC StoryWorks was paid by Bayer to produce a film on the digital apps helping farmers to monitor and reduce their emissions. 

The film, which featured an interview with Bayer’s vice president of digital farming operations, promoted the firmโ€™s technologies with no additional comment from experts on its efficacy, or Bayerโ€™s stance on climate change.ย 

A screenshot of a BBC StoryWorks film, sponsored by Bayer. Credit: BBC

According to the Pesticides Action Network, over a third of Bayerโ€™s sales derive from products that are highly hazardous to the environment, animal or human health. (The methodology for this classification is strongly disputed by Bayer on the grounds that it uses different criteria to internationally accepted rules).

Bayer told DeSmog that it is โ€œcommitted to ambitious sustainability goals and has a positive track record while recognising the ongoing challenge.โ€

Experts say that the overuse of chemical pesticides is harming the future of food production. Biodiversity is in sharp decline across the world, and numbers of birds and pollinators are plummeting in Europe.

Bayer, which makes almost $10 billion in agrochemical sales every year, has also faced millions of dollars in lawsuits over health issues allegedly related to its products, including from farmers. 

In 2023, DeSmog revealed that BBC StoryWorks had produced three documentary series and 26 articles โ€“ viewed at least 65 million times โ€“ sponsored by Corteva, one of the worldโ€™s largest pesticide firms. 

The BBC said that the Corteva-sponsored content, which focused on sustainable food production, was editorial in nature and not influenced by its corporate client. However, experts said the documentaries gave a โ€œtotally biasedโ€ picture of global food problems, while the content promoted a number of the technologies developed by Corteva.

BBC StoryWorks also produced two articles in 2023 paid for by Australian Dairy โ€“ the countryโ€™s industry trade group.

The first article promoted the supposed contribution of milk and dairy to a healthy diet, while the second advocated for โ€œprecision farmingโ€ โ€“ in other words,ย using technology to ensure that resources are used efficiently and to track climate impacts.ย 

Scientists and health professionals agree that dairy products are not necessary for a healthy diet, and they agree that for people who are able to have a varied diet, lower meat and dairy consumption is healthier than diets higher in milk and dairy.

Experts also doubt that precision farming can be rolled out widely enough to meaningfully reduce agricultural emissions. The environmental group Friends of the Earth has said that: โ€œFaced with global climate and biodiversity emergencies, better โ€˜optimisationโ€™ of existing production processes cannot possibly go far enough to meet the challenges we face.โ€

According to a March 2024 Harvard Law paper, which surveyed more than 200 environmental and agricultural scientists, meat and dairy production must be drastically reduced โ€“ and fast โ€“ to align with the Paris Agreement. The report concluded that global emissions from livestock production need to decline by 50 percent during the next six years, with โ€œhigh-producing and consuming nationsโ€ taking the lead.

Sophie Nodzenski, a senior campaign strategist on food and agriculture at Greenpeace International told DeSmog: โ€œTinkering with the status quo is no longer an option. Meat and dairy companies are climate killers. The livestock sector is one of the leading sources of human-made methane emissions, which move us faster and further past the 1.5C threshold, worsening global heating. 

โ€œMeat and dairy companies must stop misleading the public with pseudo solutions and focus on reducing their livestock herds drastically to bring down emissions instead. This reduction can give us a fighting chance against climate chaos.โ€

In 2023, BBC StoryWorks also produced content for the worldโ€™s largest food and drink company Nestlรฉ, boasting of the companyโ€™s efforts to support sustainable farming through โ€œregenerative agricultureโ€. 

The film failed to acknowledge that Nestlรฉ โ€“ whose 87.5 million tonnes of annual emissions are similar to those of Chile โ€“ spent 14 times more on โ€œmarketing and administrationโ€ in the last year than it did on regenerative agriculture over the previous five years combined.

A screenshot of a BBC StoryWorks film, sponsored by Nestlรฉ. Credit: BBC

โ€œNestlรฉโ€™s strong focus on using regenerative agriculture to compensate for the greenhouse gas emissions from livestock farming โ€“ one of Nestlรฉโ€™s main strategies to achieve net zero โ€“ is not backed by robust scientific evidence,โ€ Nodzenski said.

โ€œIncreasing carbon storage in soils, as well as forests and other vegetation, is necessary, but should not replace a drastic reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from livestock farming โ€“ one of the main sources of Nestlรฉโ€™s emissions.โ€

The Nestlรฉ film was part of a โ€œFood for Thoughtโ€ series backed by the trade body FoodDrink Europe, whose members feature major polluters including Cargill, Coca-Cola, and Unilever

A Nestlรฉ spokesperson said: โ€œWe continue to invest in and deliver on our net zero roadmap. By the end of 2023, we had reduced our greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 13.5 percent in absolute terms since 2018. Our GHG reduction targets are third-party approved by the Science Based Targets initiative and include a 20 percent absolute cut by 2025 and 50 percent by 2030 covering all sources of agricultural emissions in our supply chain. 

โ€œWe continue to ramp up our climate efforts using world class research and development, including via the Nestlรฉ Institute for Agricultural Sciences.

โ€œNestlรฉ has committed to invest $1.2 billion to pay premiums to farmers for ingredients grown using regenerative agriculture practices, provide technical assistance and support investment.โ€

Petrostates

Over recent years, BBC StoryWorks has also produced content for some of the worldโ€™s leading fossil fuel states, many of which have a poor record on human rights and press freedom. 

This yearโ€™s flagship COP29 climate summit will be held in Baku, Azerbaijan. The country is a petrostate with oil and gas production accounting for roughly half of its GDP and over 90 percent of its exports. The country, run under an authoritarian system with little effective political opposition, plans to increase fossil fuel production by a third over the next decade.

Azerbaijanโ€™s government has also been accused by of a media crackdown by the advocacy group Human Rights Watch ahead of Novemberโ€™s summit, arresting 25 journalists and activists in the past year.

However, since November 2023, BBC StoryWorks has produced several adverts promoting Azerbaijan as a place to visit, while greenwashing its image.ย 

For example, in December 2023, the studio released an advert paid for by the countryโ€™s space agency Azercosmos, attempting to show โ€œHow digitisation is changing the game for Azerbaijan’s quest for renewable energy.โ€

The advert was accompanied by an article claiming that Azerbaijan plans to transition โ€œfrom an oil- and gas-based economy into a thriving modern hub.โ€ The article did not mention the countryโ€™s plan to expand fossil fuel production, which contravenes globally agreed efforts to limit rising temperatures.ย 

A screenshot of a BBC StoryWorks advert, sponsored by Azercosmos. Credit: BBC

BBC StoryWorks has also produced content promoting the United Arab Emirates (UAE), the host of the 2023 COP28 climate summit and another petrostate with a poor human rights record. 

In 2023, the studio produced a branded content podcast series on behalf of Abu Dhabi Tourism, featuring five 20-minute episodes each โ€œhighlighting the message that Abu Dhabi [the capital of the UAE] is a destination for every kind of travellerโ€.

The series was shortlisted for a 2023 World Media Award and, in the award submission, the BBC said it โ€œchallenged preconceived notions and [positioned] the city as a cultural gem worth exploringโ€. The series was downloaded 115,000 times, according to the BBC. 

The UAE derives roughly 40 percent of its income from oil and gas, and this isnโ€™t the only time that BBC StoryWorks has produced content promoting the petrostate.

The Humanising Energy series featured an article entitled, โ€œThe rise of renewable energies in oil-rich regionsโ€, which greenwashed the image of Gulf states.

The story stated that the UAE is โ€œplanning to increase oil production to more than five million barrels a day by 2030โ€, but said that the country โ€œhas been looking toward more sustainable energy sourcesโ€. It went on to say that โ€œClean energy projects are coming of ageโ€ in the UAE, โ€œfrom record-breaking solar parks and green hydrogen to waste-to-energy plantsโ€.

The UAEโ€™s overall climate action has been rated as โ€œcritically insufficientโ€ by the Climate Action Tracker, an independent scientific project that monitors government climate action and measures it against the Paris Agreement.

Weeks before COP28, the countryโ€™s national oil company, ADNOC, awarded contracts worth $17 billion for the development of new offshore gas fields.

The Gulf state also has a poor record on human rights and press freedom. The UAE continues to arrest and imprison activists, academics, and lawyers who speak out against its monarchic rulers. UAE authorities also continue to discriminate against women, LGBTQ communities, and migrants. 

According to Reporters Without Borders, โ€œThe government prevents both local and foreign independent media outlets from thriving by tracking down and persecuting dissenting voices.โ€

โ€œThe rise of renewable energies in oil-rich regionsโ€ article also attempted to promote the ways in which โ€œwomen are playing an increasing role in the renewable energy sectorโ€. The story cited the fact that women are leading green initiatives in Kuwait, and Jordan. 

However, many Gulf states routinely discriminate against women. In Kuwait for example, the countryโ€™s personal status laws discriminate against women in matters of marriage, divorce, and child custody.

Despite this, BBC StoryWorks has frequently promoted the country. In December 2023, the studio published an advert from the Kuwait Fund, the countryโ€™s state-run development agency, boasting of its efforts to help โ€œdisadvantaged regions, women and minoritiesโ€.

Reporters Without Borders states that Kuwaitโ€™s censorship laws prohibit journalists โ€œfrom criticising the government, the emir, the ruling family, its allies or religionโ€. In particular, it is โ€œdifficult for journalists to tackle migrant worker rights, womenโ€™s rights and corruption.โ€

Oil and gas revenues account for roughly 60 percent of Kuwaitโ€™s GDP. 

BBC StoryWorks has also produced content for the petrostate Qatar, promoting the country as a tourist destination despite its record of discriminating against women and minorities. 

BBC StoryWorks has a history of working for repressive regimes, including China. The U.S. publication Deadline reported in December 2022 that BBC StoryWorks had partnered with at least nine Chinese state-affiliated bodies, including a media outlet banned from broadcasting in the UK. 

โ€œThose commissioning and paying for this content are deliberately using the BBCโ€™s brand to greenwash or whitewash their own reputations. Itโ€™s an exercise of cynical manipulation,โ€ the BBCโ€™s former Baghdad bureau chief Patrick Howse told DeSmog.

โ€œCommissions like this are lucrative and therefore attractive to a corporation that has been deliberately and severely financially squeezed by the UK government over a long period. This has forced the BBC to seek money from wherever it can find it, and this poses a risk to its editorial independence and honesty, which will ultimately undermine the trust of the BBCโ€™s audience.โ€

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Sam is DeSmogโ€™s UK Deputy Editor. He was previously the Investigations Editor of Byline Times and an investigative journalist at the BBC. He is the author of two books: Fortress London, and Bullingdon Club Britain.

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