Gravel-bed rivers and their floodplains are the lifeblood of ecosystems and need to be allowed to run and flood unimpeded if species are to be protected and communities are to cope with climate change, a ground-breaking scientific study hasĀ found.
The broad valleys formed by rivers flowing from glaciated mountains, such as those found throughout B.C. and Alberta, are some of the most ecologically important habitats in North America, according to the team of scientists who have done the first extensive study of the full range of species that rely on gravel-bed rivers, ranging from microbes to bears. The paper was published online Friday in Science Advances.
In the region that stretches from Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming to the northern Yukon, gravel-bed river flood plains support more than half the plant life. About 70 per cent of the areaās bird species use the floodplain, while deer, elk, caribou, wolves and grizzly bears use the plains for food, habitat and as important migrationĀ corridors.
While everyone knows that fish rely on rivers, the scientists found that species such as cottonwood trees need the river flood to reproduce and the ever-changing landscape of changing channels and shifting gravel and rocks supports a complex foodĀ web.
Gravel-bed rivers are much more than water flowing through the channel, said lead author Ric Hauer, director of the University of Montanaās Center for Integrated research on theĀ Environment.
āThe river flows over and through the entire floodplain system, from valley wall to valley wall, and supports an extraordinary diversity of life. The river is so much bigger than it appears to be at first glance,ā heĀ said.
But the floodplains are endangered worldwide as the flat, productive valleys are attractive for agriculture, roads or houses and it is time to look at gravel bed rivers with new eyes, said Harvey Locke, co-founder of the Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative and one of the studyāsĀ authors.
āA wild and free river drives the life support system across the whole landscape and we need to keep them happy,ā Locke said in an interview with DeSmogĀ Canada.
āWe need to let them be rivers and run free and do our development respecting that need instead of trying to controlĀ them.ā
That means not building dams or levees that prevent essential flooding, LockeĀ said.
āFlooding is critical to the health of the riparian system and, by extension, organisms across the whole landscape and, when you put in a dam for climate change mitigation you are killing that process. Itās a catastrophe not only for the immediate ecological effects, but it also puts a huge barrier to connectivity so species cannot go up the river to adapt to climate change,ā LockeĀ said.
Hydro dams are often touted as green energy, but, in reality they are a huge problem, not a solution to climate change, heĀ said.
Locke emphasized that the scientific study does not look at the controversy behind individual projects such as the planned Site C dam in northeastern B.C., but said he personally regards Site C as a prime example of theĀ problem.
Existing dams on the Peace River have already had a devastating effect downstream, heĀ said.
āAnd the horror of wrecking more of that beautiful river valley around Fort St. John is an example of not thinking clearly. Itās very bad for the resilience of the landscape,ā heĀ said.
Gravel-bed rivers are found mainly in the western U.S. and Canada ā and include major rivers such as the Columbia, Fraser, Flathead, Mackenzie and Yukon ā and every part of B.C is affected by them, said Locke, who is hoping the scientific paper will attract the attention of groups such as planners and politicians who make developmentĀ decisions.
āThe really big point is that gravel-bed river systems are the heart of the whole landscape and you donāt want to clog the arteries attached to the heart, which is what a dam does,ā heĀ said.
Even in protected areas such as Yellowstone and Banff national parks, humans have altered the floodplains, the scientistsĀ found.
Hauer said the increasing pressures of climate change mean that species need access to intact gravel-bed ecosystems in order toĀ survive.
āThese systems must be protected and those that are already degraded must be restored,ā heĀ said.
Biologist and grizzly bear expert Michael Proctor, of Birchdale Ecological, one of the reportās authors, said the research highlighted how river systems are a focus of regional connectivity, not only for grizzly bears, but for allĀ species.
āThis paper helped me realize the amazing significance of gravel bed river systems, not just river valleys, as an ecological focus and arena of so much biodiversity and ecological processes,ā ProctorĀ said.
āItās like the narrow pinch point in an hour-glass of influence. Everything is influenced by that pinchĀ point.ā
Human settlement and activities in those river valleys and floodplains reduces their biodiversity and significance, ProctorĀ said.
āWe need to leave and even restore some portions of these river systems to more of a natural condition,ā heĀ said.
Photo: Flathead River by HarveyĀ Locke
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