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David H. Koch
Related Profiles & Research
- Koch Industries, Inc.
- Koch Industries, Inc. Lobbying Activities
- Koch Family Foundations
- Charles Koch
- Koch Vs. Clean
Credentials
- Honorary Doctorate, Cambridge College, Inc. (2004).1โHonorary Degrees 2004,โ University of Cambridge. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/PjazV
- Master’s Degree, Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1963). 2โNo. 11: David Koch,โ The Chronicle of Philanthropy, February 10, 2013. Archived March 28, 2018. Archive.is URL: https://archive.li/XXzhJ
- Bachelor’s Degree, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1962). 3โNo. 11: David Koch,โ The Chronicle of Philanthropy, February 10, 2013. Archived March 28, 2018. Archive.is URL: https://archive.li/XXzhJ
Background
David H. Koch, along with his brother Charles Koch, was a co-owner of Koch Industries, the second-largest private company in America according to Forbes, with a revenue of $100 billion as of December 2017. Forbes estimated David Koch’s net worth at $50.7 billion. Washington Post reported in 2018 that David was stepping down from Koch Industries and Americans for Prosperity due to health issues. David Koch passed away on August 23, 2019.4โ#2 Koch Industries,โ Forbes. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/cOk7p 5โDavid Koch,โ Fobes, December 27, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/HVWbu 6โDavid Koch is leaving Koch Industries, stepping down from Americans for Prosperity,โ The Washington Post, June 5, 2018. Archived June 5, 2018. Archive.is URL: https://archive.li/7wlnm 7Melanie Grayce West and John McCormick. โBillionaire David Koch, Who Used His Wealth to Reshape U.S. Politics, Dies at 79,โ The Wall Street Journal, August 23, 2019. Archived August 23, 2019. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/j9sUH
David Koch served as executive vice president and board member of Koch Industries Inc., a company spanning a range of industries including petroleum, mining, fertilizers, financial trading, forest and consumer products. He was also chairman and chief executive officer of Koch Chemical Technology Group, LLC, a wholly-owned Koch subsidiary company. Before joining Koch Industries in 1970, David Koch worked for Amicon Corporation as a research and process design engineer.8โDavid H. Kochโ (PDF), Koch Industries Inc. February, 2009.
In addition to running Koch Industries, the Koch brothers created a large number of right-wing groups and have funneled millions of dollars into an extensive political network. That network, which includes a wide range of groups fighting against regulations on carbon emissions and denying the existence or seriousness of man-made climate change, was first dubbed โthe Kochtopusโ by the some Libertarians in the late 1970s.9โThe Making of the Kochtopus,โ Mother Jones, November 3, 2014. Archived December 27, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/s0buk
Through his David H. Koch Foundation, he funded a โWho’s Who of the libertarian movementโ including organizations like the Heartland Institute, Reason Foundation, Cato Institute, Citizens for a Sound Economy, the Institute for Justice, the Libertarian Party, the Pacific Research Institute for Public Policy, and many others.10โDavid Koch – Libertarian,โ Advocates for Self Government, archived February 26, 2007. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/4CWKJ
Greenpeace has described Koch Industries as a โkingpin of climate science denialโ and noted the organization has outpaced ExxonMobil when it comes to donations to organizations engaged in a public relations effort to attack climate science. In an August 2010 issue of The New Yorker, Jane Mayer outlined how the Koch network operates to combat environmental regulation and, at the time, had consistently pushed against a wide range of Obama-administration regulations.11โKoch Industries: Secretly Funding the Climate Denial Machine (PDF), Greenpeace, March 2010. 12Jane Meyer. โCovert Operations,โ The New Yorker, August 30, 2010. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/DWBMP
Charles Lewis, the founder of the nonpartisan watchdog group Center for Public Integrity, told Meyer:13Jane Meyer. โCovert Operations,โ The New Yorker, August 30, 2010. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/DWBMP
โThe Kochs are on a whole different level. Thereโs no one else who has spent this much money. The sheer dimension of it is what sets them apart. They have a pattern of lawbreaking, political manipulation, and obfuscation. Iโve been in Washington since Watergate, and Iโve never seen anything like it. They are the Standard Oil of our times.โ14Jane Meyer. โCovert Operations,โ The New Yorker, August 30, 2010. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/DWBMP
The Kochs actively supported the Libertarian Party in the 1970s and early 1980s. David ran as the vice-presidential candidate for the Libertarian Party in 1980, and advocated for the abolishment of Social Security, public schools, welfare, the CIA, IRS, and FBI, asThe New York Times reported in 1984. Charles supported his brother’s vice presidential bid in 1980, and also heavily supports libertarian groups like the Cato Institute.15Nicholas Confessore. โQuixotic โ80 Campaign Gave Birth to Kochsโ Powerful Network,โ The New York Times, May 17, 2014. Archived February 19, 2018. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/EUIIj 16Charlotte Curtis. โMAN WITHOUT A CANDIDATE,โ The New York Times, October 16, 1984. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/rueHq 17โ25 years at the Cato Instituteโ (PDF), Cato Institute. PDF created April 5, 2007. 18Phil Kerby. โThe Libertarians: Freedom to a Fault,โ Los Angeles Times, September 13, 1979.
Climate Change Disinformation
A study by Yale University researcher Dr. Justin Farrell, published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), examined over 20 years of data and found that ExxonMobil and the Koch brothers were key actors in funding think tanks distributing climate change disinformation.19Justin Farrell. โCorporate funding and ideological polarization about climate change,โ PNAS Vol. 113. No. 1 (January 5, 2016). View full PDF here. 20Brendan DeMelle. โResearch Confirms ExxonMobil, Koch-funded Climate Denial Echo Chamber Polluted Mainstream Media,โ DeSmog, November 23, 2015.
โThe contrarian efforts have been so effective for the fact that they have made it difficult for ordinary Americans to even know who to trust,โ Dr. Farrell told the Washington Post which was first to cover the news of the study’s release. โThis counter-movement produced messages aimed, at the very least, at creating ideological polarization through politicized tactics, and at the very most, at overtly refuting current scientific consensus with scientific findings of their own,โ Dr. Farrell said.21Joby Warrick. โWhy are so many Americans skeptical about climate change? A study offers a surprising answer.โ The Washington Post, November 23, 2015. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/j8wOC
From PNASโs press briefing note about the article by Dr. Farrell:22Joby Warrick. โWhy are so many Americans skeptical about climate change? A study offers a surprising answer.โ The Washington Post, November 23, 2015. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/j8wOC
Corporate funding likely influences the nature and content of polarizing texts pertaining to climate change, according to a study. Political polarization has become a hallmark of climate change policy discussion, with multiple groups in various sectors contributing to public discourse regarding climate and energy. To quantify the influence of corporate funding in climate change discourse, Justin Farrell analyzed more than 39 million words of text produced by 164 organizations active in the climate change counter-movement between 1993 and 2013. The author examined the ideological content of the produced texts, as well as the funding behind the organizations that produced the texts.
Organizations with corporate funding were more likely to have produced polarizing texts, the author found, with ExxonMobil and the Koch family foundation acting as influential funders (emphasis added). Further, according to the author, corporate funding may have influenced the ideological content of produced texts. The results suggest quantitative evidence of the influence of funding in the climate change debate that had previously been hypothesized, and suggests an analytical model for integrating texts with the social networks that created them, according to the author.23Joby Warrick. โWhy are so many Americans skeptical about climate change? A study offers a surprising answer.โ The Washington Post, November 23, 2015. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/j8wOC
Another study, published in the journal Nature Climate Change (see full text here), written by Farrell, a professor of sociology at Yaleโs School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, also examined the influence of the Koch network on climate change communication.24Mike Gaworecki. โNew Study Exposes True Extent, Influence Of Climate Denial Echo Chamber For First Time,โ DeSmog, Decembe 1, 2015. 25Justin Farrell. โNetwork structure and influence of the climate change counter-movement,โ Nature Climate Change 6, 370โ374 (2016). Full text on DropBox.
โThe individuals in this bipartite network include interlocking board members, as well as many more informal and overlapping social, political, economic and scientific ties,โ Farrell wrote in the report. โThe organizations include a complex network of think tanks, foundations, public relations firms, trade associations, and ad hoc groups.โ26Justin Farrell. โNetwork structure and influence of the climate change counter-movement,โ Nature Climate Change 6, 370โ374 (2016). Full text on DropBox.
He described the Koch brothers family foundations as โreliable indicators of a much larger effort of corporate lobbying in the climate change counter-movement.โ27Justin Farrell. โNetwork structure and influence of the climate change counter-movement,โ Nature Climate Change 6, 370โ374 (2016). Full text on DropBox.
He found organizations taking funds from โeliteโ corporate funders of climate denial like Exxon and the Koch Brothers โ groups like the CATO Institute, the Heritage Foundation, and the Heartland Institute โ โhave greater influence over flows of resources, communication, and the production of contrarian informationโ than other denial groups.28Justin Farrell. โNetwork structure and influence of the climate change counter-movement,โ Nature Climate Change 6, 370โ374 (2016). Full text on DropBox.
Stance on Climate Change
July 25, 2010
In an interview with New York magazine, David Koch suggested climate change would be positive:29โThe Billionaire’s Party,โ New York, July 25, 2010. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/sHzng
โThe Earth will be able to support enormously more people because a far greater land area will be available to produce food [due to climate change],โ he said.
Key Quotes
December 2012
In an interview with Forbes, following Mitt Romney’s loss in the most recent election cycle, David Koch said:30โForbes: Inside the Koch Empire, Including an Exclusive Interview with Charles and David Koch,โ Forbes, December 5, 2012. Archive.is URL: https://archive.li/II5wd
โWe raised a lot of money and mobilized an awful lot of people, and we lost, plain and simple. Weโre going to study what worked, what didnโt work and improve our efforts in the future. Weโre not going to roll over and play dead.โ
October 14, 2012
In an issue of The Wichita Eagle, David Koch was quoted:31โIn His own Words: David Koch, executive vice president and a board member of Koch Industries,โ The Wichita Eagle, October 14, 2012. Retrieved from issuu.com.
โWe have some very large refineries, and we have some great projects that we’d like to invest in to meet the demands of our customers, that is, the aviation fuel customers, the heating oil customers, and motor gasoline customers, and these refineries that we haveโฆ Well, the EPA has been sitting on several hundred requests from refineries and chemical plants to upgrade and expand their facilities. And the EPA has only, since Obama’s been president, granted one permit. And that permit is being litigated by environmental groups blocking it, so refineries are essentially paralyzed, they can’t expand and improve their operations.
โMy god, we’re a fossil-fuel-based society. And I think we’re going to have, if this continues, a big shortage of fuel to operate our economy.โ
Novembe 4, 1980
David Koch, while running for the position of Vice President on the Libertarian Party Ticket, made a statement for voter pamphlets in response to the EPA’s efforts on pollution control. View the original statement at KochDocs.32โ1980 Libertarian Party David Koch Candidate Statement for Voter Pamphlets, re ‘Pollution Control’ and the EPA,โ KochDocs. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
โThe EPA, like all regulatory agencies, is inefficient and bureaucratic. A better answer is a legal system that once again recognizes property rights and forbids harmful pollution of anyoneโs air or water. That will be the best protection for our rights and our environment,โ Koch wrote in the statement.
2007
In an interview with Brian Doherty, as quoted at the Mises Institute, David Koch said:33โA Fairy Tale of the Austrian Movement,โ MisesInstitute, September 25, 2007. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/PeGdD
โIf we’re going to give a lot of money, we’ll make darn sure they spend it in a way that goes along with our intent. And if they make a wrong turn and start doing things we don’t agree with we withdraw funding. We do exert that kind of control.โ
Key Deeds
November 2018
Documents uncovered by the Center for Media and Democracy (CMD) and reported at Salon revealed how the Koch brothers worked with the data firm i360 developed persuasion models to target voters with tailored messages on certain issues. In 2016, i360 developed models while working with Sen. Rob Portmanโs 2016 re-election campaign in Ohio.34โKoch brothers are watching you: And new documents reveal just how much they know,โ Salon, November 5, 2018. Archived November 9, 2018. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/5SFZj
After polling, i360 found a โkey local issue facing Ohio was the opioid epidemicโ and subsequently created a a โheroin modelโ and a โheroin treatment modelโ that were effective at increasing voter support for Portman.35โKoch brothers are watching you: And new documents reveal just how much they know,โ Salon, November 5, 2018. Archived November 9, 2018. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/5SFZj
โThis manipulation of the opioid crisis for political gain has a perverse irony given the Kochsโ long-running work to provide corporate interests, including health care and pharmaceutical interests, with undue political power and influence over public policy decision,โ Salon reported.36โKoch brothers are watching you: And new documents reveal just how much they know,โ Salon, November 5, 2018. Archived November 9, 2018. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/5SFZj
Heroin was only one example of models that i360 developed to craft tailored messaging for Portman’s campaign. Other issue-based models included gun control immigration, energy, pro-life, and marriage.37โKoch brothers are watching you: And new documents reveal just how much they know,โ Salon, November 5, 2018. Archived November 9, 2018. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/5SFZj
June 2018
The Washington Post reported David Koch was stepping down from Koch Industries and Americans for Prosperity due to health issues. Charles Koch announced in a letter to Koch Industries employees that David’s health was declining:38โDavid Koch is leaving Koch Industries, stepping down from Americans for Prosperity,โ The Washington Post, June 5, 2018. Archived June 5, 2018. Archive.is URL: https://archive.li/7wlnm
โUnfortunately, these issues have not been resolved and his health has continued to deteriorate,โ Charles Koch wrote in the letter, a copy of which was obtained by The Washington Post. โAs a result, he is unable to be involved in business and other organizational activities. [โฆ] David has always been a fighter and is dealing with this challenge in the same way.โ39โDavid Koch is leaving Koch Industries, stepping down from Americans for Prosperity,โ The Washington Post, June 5, 2018. Archived June 5, 2018. Archive.is URL: https://archive.li/7wlnm
Mark Holden, general counsel of Koch Industries and co-chair of the Koch’s political network, said David’s departure would not stall growth.40โDavid Koch is leaving Koch Industries, stepping down from Americans for Prosperity,โ The Washington Post, June 5, 2018. Archived June 5, 2018. Archive.is URL: https://archive.li/7wlnm
โWe greatly appreciate his vital role on the board and all that he has done to help us build a strong foundation for our future success,โ Holden wrote in an email.41โDavid Koch is leaving Koch Industries, stepping down from Americans for Prosperity,โ The Washington Post, June 5, 2018. Archived June 5, 2018. Archive.is URL: https://archive.li/7wlnm
October 2017
Writing at the New Yorker, Jane Mayer highlighted the connections between the Koch brothers and Vice President Mike Pence. While Charles Koch had once said that a choice between a Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton presidency was one between โcancer or heart attack,โ the Kochs were โvery excited about the Vice-Presidential pick,โ according to White House head of legislative affairs Marc Short.42Jane Mayer. โThe Danger of President Pence,โ The New Yorker, October 23, 2017. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/0mJYh
Democratic Senator Sheldon Whitehouse worried that, if Pence were ever to replace Trump as president, it would lead to undue influence by the Kochs:43Jane Mayer. โThe Danger of President Pence,โ The New Yorker, October 23, 2017. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/0mJYh
โIf Pence were to become President for any reason, the government would be run by the Koch brothersโperiod. Heโs been their tool for years,โ Whitehouse said.44Jane Mayer. โThe Danger of President Pence,โ The New Yorker, October 23, 2017. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/0mJYh
Steve Bannon was also concerned at the idea of Pence as President. โIโm concerned heโd be a President that the Kochs would own,โ Bannon told Meyer.45Jane Mayer. โThe Danger of President Pence,โ The New Yorker, October 23, 2017. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/0mJYh
Meyer highlighted Pence’s relationship with a range of Koch-funded think tanks including Americans for Prosperity, describing it as a key to his rise.46Jane Mayer. โThe Danger of President Pence,โ The New Yorker, October 23, 2017. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/0mJYh
In 2009, Pence signed and promoted the โNo Climate Taxโ pledge devised by the Americans for Prosperity, which promised to avoid all spending on the curbing of carbon emissions. Pence also made speeches denouncing the cap-and-trade bill. The Checks and Balances Project found that, after Pence signed and promoted the AfP โNo Climate Taxโ pledge, financial support to him from the Kochs increased dramatically.47Jane Mayer. โThe Danger of President Pence,โ The New Yorker, October 23, 2017. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/0mJYh
After signing the pledge, Pence โwas the Kochsโ guy, and theyโve been showering him with money ever since,โ Scott Peterson, the executive director of the Checks & Balances Project, told Meyer.48Jane Mayer. โThe Danger of President Pence,โ The New Yorker, October 23, 2017. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/0mJYh
At a 2014 Americans for Prosperity summit in Dallas, Pence said he was โgrateful to have enjoyedโ David Kochโs support.49Jane Mayer. โThe Danger of President Pence,โ The New Yorker, October 23, 2017. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/0mJYh
April 2017
As reported by Hiroko Tabuchi at The New York Times, the Koch-funded Americans for Prosperity publicly backed a measure that would cancel a $6,000 tax credit for electric vehicles in Colorado.50Hiroko Tabuchi. โBehind the Quiet State-by-State Fight Over Electric Vehicles,โ The New York Times, March 11, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/cvnsu
April 2017
DeSmog reported that the 60 Plus Association, a group funded by the Kochs, had lobbied for the Dakota Access pipeline, a project in which a Koch subsidiary stood to profit. Koch subsidiary Flint Hills Resources had proposed its own pipeline, Dakota Express, in January 2014.51Steve Horn. โHow the Koch Machine Quietly Pushed for the Dakota Access Pipeline and Stands to Profit,โ DeSmog, April 8, 2017.
60 Plus increased its lobbying efforts in September 2016, just as a protest movement against the pipeline grew near the Standing Rock Sioux Reservation in Cannon Ball, North Dakota. 52Steve Horn. โHow the Koch Machine Quietly Pushed for the Dakota Access Pipeline and Stands to Profit,โ DeSmog, April 8, 2017.
During that month, it sent chairman Jim Martin to lobby for Dakota Access and to write an article supporting the pipeline for the business and politics publication Morning Consult. 53โLobbying Report,โ Secretary of the Senate Office of Public Records, 2016.
January 5, 2017
On January 5, the U.S. House of Representatives passed the REINS (Regulations from the Executive in Need of Scrutiny) Act of 2017. As reported by DeSmog, the act had been pushed for years by Koch-funded groups, and also had origins in Canada’s SCRUB (Searching for and Cutting Regulations that are Unnecessarily Burdensome) Act.54Steve Horn. โGOP Congress, Trump Already Pushing Koch Industries’ Bill to Hobble Regulatory Agencies,โ DeSmog, January 5, 2017. 55Steve Horn,. โPass a Regulation, Repeal Another: House Approves Provision Tied to Koch Industries,โ DeSmog, January 6, 2017.
December 19, 2016
Despite past disagreements, numerous news sources reported the Trump Administration was quickly being populated by allies of the Kochs. Politico described it as โTrump’s Koch administration,โ while Talking Points Memo noted that โBehind Make America Great, the Koch agenda has returned with a vengeance.โ Some have described Trump as an unwitting โpuppetโ of the Koch brothers.56Kenneth P. Vogel and Eliana Johnson. โTrump’s Koch administration,โ Politico, November 28, 2016. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/BKGoc 57Alexander Hertel-Fernandez, Theda Skocpol, and Caroline Tervo. โBehind ‘Make America Great,’ the Koch Agenda Returns with a Vengeance,โ Talking Points Memo, November 21, 2016. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/F3OeB
DeSmog outlined some of the connections between the Trump Administration and the Koch brothers in a LittleSis network map, embedded below. Scroll and zoom on the map to explore all the connections, or click โNextโ to zoom in on some of the featured relationships.58Ben Jervey. โThe Trump Administration Is Filling Up With Koch Allies,โ DeSmog, December 19, 2016.
November 3, 2016
The Koch Brothers were the subject of a documentary at Real News Network titledย โThe Doubt Machine: The Koch Brothers’ War on Climate Science,โ which examined how Koch-funded entities threatened climate scientists such asย Michael Mann and journalists like Jane Mayer.59โThe Doubt Machine: Documentary Explores Koch Brothers’ War on Climate Science,โ DeSmog, November 3, 2016. 60โThe Doubt Machine: Inside The Koch Brothers’ War on Climate Science,โ The Real News.com. Accessed December 28, 2017.
August 2016
The pro-fossil-fuel organization Fueling U.S. Forward (FUSF) was launched using Koch dollars in the summer of 2016, working as a 501(c)(6) nonprofit business association, a designation that allows its involvement in both lobbying and political activities.61Sharon Kelly. โNew Koch-Funded Group โFueling US Forwardโ Aims to Promote the ‘Positives’ of Fossil Fuels,โ Desmog, August 14, 2016.
The group was headed by industry lobbyist and executive Charles T. Drevna, who confirmed to DeSmog that he was working with Koch Industries board member James Mahoney.62Sharon Kelly. โNew Koch-Funded Group โFueling US Forwardโ Aims to Promote the ‘Positives’ of Fossil Fuels,โ Desmog, August 14, 2016.
Peter Stone first revealed the Koch’s then-unnamed campaign plan in February 2016 at HuffPost. He reported the group hoped โto spend about $10 million dollars per year to boost petroleum-based transportation fuels and attack government subsidies for electric vehicles, according to refining industry sources familiar with the plan.โ63Peter Stone. โThe Kochs Are Plotting A Multimillion-Dollar Assault On Electric Vehicles,โ The Huffington Post, February 19, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/jXPA4
As part of its campaign to combat electric vehicle subsidies, FUSF produced videos claiming that electric vehicle (EV) tax credits are a โmassive wealth transfer from poor to rich.โ See the FUSF video โThe Hidden Cost of Electric Carsโ archived below:64โHidden Costs of Electric Cars,โ YouTube video uploaded by user โFueling U.S. Forwardโ on July 11, 2017 (no longer available online). Archived .mp4 on file at DeSmog.
DeSmog debunked the video, noting that cited figures were from an outdated paper produced when only three plug-in electric models were widely available to American drivers.65Ben Jervey. โKoch Front Group, Fueling US Forward, Bashes Electric Car Tax Credits in Latest Misleading Video,โ DeSmog, July 22, 2017.
The FUSF website shut down in October 2017 and no longer appears to be in operation, however DeSmog continues to document the Koch brothers’ ongoing efforts to undermine electric vehicles and renewable energy at KochVsClean.com.66Ben Jervey. โKoch Front Group, Fueling US Forward, Bashes Electric Car Tax Credits in Latest Misleading Video,โ DeSmog, July 22, 2017.
FUSF, which had sponsored a gospel concert as part of its public relations effort, was later criticized for a โan exploitative, sad and borderline racist strategyโ by Eddie Bautista, executive director of the NYC Environmental Justice Alliance.67Ben Jervey. โMinority Communities in Virginia ‘Push Back on Koch Brothers,’ Call Fueling U.S. Forward a ‘Distasteful Effort’,โ DeSmog, March 6, 2017.
July 2016
Three Koch groups were fined by the Federal Election Commission (FEC) for concealing the sources of funds they spent on political ads in 2010. The fines amounted to a combined total of $233,000.68Farron Cousins. โKoch-Funded Groups Slapped With Fines By Federal Election Commission,โ DeSmog, July 15, 2016. 69Libby Watson. โFEC fines Koch groups for illegal dark money,โ Sunlight Foundation, July 13, 2016. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/FIg3A
The three groups involved were the American Future Fund, 60 Plus Association and Americans for Job Security, which had received funding from the Koch-connected Center to Protect Patient Rights (CPPR), now American Encore.70Libby Watson. โFEC fines Koch groups for illegal dark money,โ Sunlight Foundation, July 13, 2016. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/FIg3A
The FEC found that CPPR’s funding had been set to be spent on independent expenditures such as TV ads, and should have been disclosed. Classified as 501(c)(4) organizations, the groups are permitted to spend funds on political advertising as long as it isn’t their โprimary activity.โ However, if a donor gives money specifically earmarked for spending on an election, it must be disclosed to the FEC.71Libby Watson. โFEC fines Koch groups for illegal dark money,โ Sunlight Foundation, July 13, 2016. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/FIg3A
2015/2016
In 2015, Politico reported the Koch brothers promised to spend $889 million in the run-up to the 2016 elections, โa historic sum that in many ways would mark Charles and David Koch and their fellow conservative megadonors as more powerful than the official Republican Party.โ72โThe Kochs put a price on 2016: 9 million,โ Politico, January 26, 2015. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/fNY2Y
In response to, among other issues, the emergence of Donald Trump, the Koch brothers didn’t spend the promised funds. Roughly a year after their spending promise, the National Review reported that the Kochs were โreevaluating their approach to politics.โ73Tim Alberta and Eliana Johnson. โExclusive: In Koch World โRealignment,โ Less National Politics,โ National Review, May 16, 2016. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/fmMaZ
Sources said that there is โmounting evidenceโreduced budgets, the shuttering and streamlining of departments, the elimination of grants to allied political organizations, and the departure of top executivesโdemonstrating a shift of resources and attention away from federal campaign activity.โ74Tim Alberta and Eliana Johnson. โExclusive: In Koch World โRealignment,โ Less National Politics,โ National Review, May 16, 2016. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/fmMaZ
November 2015
As reported at Politico and at The New Yorker, the Kochs had been running a โcompetitive intelligence teamโ to gather intelligence on liberal groups and activists while monitoring potential threats to their network.75Kenneth P. Vogel. โThe Koch intelligence agency,โ Politico, November 18, 2015. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: http://archive.is/Sc64H 76โDo the Kochs Have their Own Spy Network,โ The New Yorker, November 18, 2015. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: http://archive.is/1sAnj
The Koch’s team was made up of a staff of 25, including one former CIA analyst, and its operations included regular โintelligence briefingโ emails with information on things like tracking the canvassing, phone-banking and voter-registration efforts of labor unions, environmental groups and their allies.77Kenneth P. Vogel. โThe Koch intelligence agency,โ Politico, November 18, 2015. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: http://archive.is/Sc64H 78โDo the Kochs Have their Own Spy Network,โ The New Yorker, November 18, 2015. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: http://archive.is/1sAnj
โSuch stealth activities are the kind that campaigns and party operatives often fantasize about but mostly shy away from โ both because of cost and potential political backlash if exposed,โ ‘Politico reported.79Kenneth P. Vogel. โThe Koch intelligence agency,โ Politico, November 18, 2015. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: http://archive.is/Sc64H
June 25, 2012
As The New York Times reported, Charles and David Koch agreed to revamp the Cato Institute’s leadership to allow the group to maintain political independence. This was after the Koch brothers had filed two lawsuits seeking greater control over the Cato Institute’s board.80Eric Lichtblau. โCato Institute and Koch Brothers Reach Agreement,โ The New York Times, June 25, 2012. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/wxgnr
Charles Koch had helped found the Cato Institute in 1977, and the family had donated more than $30 million to it by 2012. However, he and longtime chief executive Ed Crane had a falling out due to what the NYT described as โmanagement and philosophical differences.โ81Eric Lichtblau. โCato Institute and Koch Brothers Reach Agreement,โ The New York Times, June 25, 2012. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/wxgnr
The Koch brothers had long aimed to control a larger portion of the Cato Institute’s 16-member board to establish a โmore direct pipeline between Cato and the familyโs Republican political outlets, including groups that Democrats complain have mounted a multimillion-dollar assault on President Obama.โ This had caused tensions inside the governing structure, as Cato officials said this threatened their reputation for independent research.82Eric Lichtblau. โCato Institute and Koch Brothers Reach Agreement,โ The New York Times, June 25, 2012. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/wxgnr
Describing the lawsuit, then-Cato president Edward H. Crane said:83Eric Lichtblau. โCato Institute Is Caught in a Rift Over Its Direction,โ The New York Times, March 6, 2012. Archived December 27, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/qz1nD
โThis is an effort by the Kochs to turn the Cato Institute into some sort of auxiliary for the G.O.P. What he is doing now is detrimental to Cato, itโs detrimental to Koch Industries, itโs detrimental to the libertarian movement.โ84Eric Lichtblau. โCato Institute Is Caught in a Rift Over Its Direction,โ The New York Times, March 6, 2012. Archived December 27, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/qz1nD
The Kochs eventually withdrew the lawsuit on the condition that Ed Crane retired. Greenpeace reported that before the attempted Koch takeover, Cato was seen as a โrelatively independent think tank, willing to criticize both democrat and republican administrations,โ but that the Kochs had wanted โthe power to fold Cato into their suite of other front groups, making it another Koch-controlled cog in the republican political machine.โ85Jesse Coleman. โWhy the Koch brothers are cannibalizing the Cato Institute,โ Greenpeace, March 20, 2012. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/CXtIk
2012
Koch Industries was among several organizations including ExxonMobil, Chevron, America’s Natural Gas Alliance (ANGA), Peabody Energy, Edison Electric Institute, and other industry groups who lobbied for the โEnergy Tax Prevention Act of 2011,โ designed to block the EPA from regulating greenhouse gas emissions under the Clean Air Act.86โClients lobbying on S.482: Energy Tax Prevention Act of 2011,โ OpenSecrets.org. Accessed December 28, 2017.
January 3, 2011
As detailed in her 2016 book, Dark Money, New Yorker staff reporter Jane Mayer received unfounded plagiarism accusations after she published an investigative piece on the Koch brothers in The New Yorker.87Steve Horn. โJane Mayer’s โDark Moneyโ Book Reveals Koch Brothers Paid Firm Run by Former NYPD Chief to Smear Her,โ DeSmog, January 19, 2016.
โTheir aim, according to a well-informed source, was to counteract The New Yorkerโs story on the Koch brothers by undermining me,โ wrote Mayer. โ’Dirt, dirt, dirt’ is what the source later told me they were digging for in my life. ‘If they couldnโt find it, theyโd create it.’โ88Steve Horn. โJane Mayer’s โDark Moneyโ Book Reveals Koch Brothers Paid Firm Run by Former NYPD Chief to Smear Her,โ DeSmog, January 19, 2016.
As she detailed in โDark Money,โ with verification from a source who spoke on the condition of anonymity, a group called Vigilant Resources International (VRI) had received a retainer fee to help along the charges of plagiarism.89Steve Horn. โJane Mayer’s โDark Moneyโ Book Reveals Koch Brothers Paid Firm Run by Former NYPD Chief to Smear Her,โ DeSmog, January 19, 2016.
Mayer received plagiarism inquiries from the right-wing The Daily Caller, as well as others from The Washington Post, ThinkProgress, and others.90Steve Horn. โJane Mayer’s โDark Moneyโ Book Reveals Koch Brothers Paid Firm Run by Former NYPD Chief to Smear Her,โ DeSmog, January 19, 2016.
โPaul Kane, a reporter at The Washington Post, quickly looked up the story in question and sent me an e-mail saying, ‘Not only did you not steal from me, you Frickinโ credited me in the VERY NEXT line,’โ Mayer explained in โDark Money.โ โThe New Yorker had even linked to his story online. And, I later learned, my husband, who was then an editor at The Washington Post, had edited the story that I supposedly stole.โ91Steve Horn. โJane Mayer’s โDark Moneyโ Book Reveals Koch Brothers Paid Firm Run by Former NYPD Chief to Smear Her,โ DeSmog, January 19, 2016.
Lee Fang, now a reporter at The Intercept, also said that Mayer had properly credited him in her story.92Steve Horn. โJane Mayer’s โDark Moneyโ Book Reveals Koch Brothers Paid Firm Run by Former NYPD Chief to Smear Her,โ DeSmog, January 19, 2016.
โWith only a few hours before these allegations were set to go online, all I could do was to try to get out the truth before the lies were spread,โ Mayer explained. โBy midnight, I had reached three of the four authors from whom I was alleged to have plagiarized. All offered to make public statements supporting me and denying I had misappropriated their work.โ93Steve Horn. โJane Mayer’s โDark Moneyโ Book Reveals Koch Brothers Paid Firm Run by Former NYPD Chief to Smear Her,โ DeSmog, January 19, 2016.
โIn the end, even the Daily Caller found the allegations to be unfounded, and to its credit, abandoned the story,โ wrote the New York Post. โThe story is dead but the person or persons behind the allegations remains a shadowy mystery.โ94Steve Horn. โJane Mayer’s โDark Moneyโ Book Reveals Koch Brothers Paid Firm Run by Former NYPD Chief to Smear Her,โ DeSmog, January 19, 2016.
A source later told Mayer that Nancy Pfotenhauer, former head of Koch’s Americans for Prosperity/Citizens for a Sound Economy, as well as a former Koch Industries lobbyist in Washington, DC, had been a key part of the effort.95Steve Horn. โJane Mayer’s โDark Moneyโ Book Reveals Koch Brothers Paid Firm Run by Former NYPD Chief to Smear Her,โ DeSmog, January 19, 2016.
Affiliations
Note that David Koch was reportedly stepping down from his positions at AfP and Koch Industries, according to reports in summer 2018.96โDavid Koch is leaving Koch Industries, stepping down from Americans for Prosperity,โ The Washington Post, June 5, 2018. Archived June 5, 2018. Archive.is URL: https://archive.li/7wlnm
- Americans for Prosperity Foundation โFormer Director.97โBOARD OF DIRECTORS,โ Americans for Prosperity Foundation. Archived March 11, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/E18KJ
- The Aspen Institute โ Trustee.98โDavid Koch,โ The Aspen Institute. Archived December 27, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/O3YrL
- Reason Foundation โ Trustee.99โReason Trustees and Officers,โ Reason Foundation. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/V3Ssg
- Cato Institute โ Formerly listed as a Director (as recently as 2016).100โBoard of Directors,โ Cato Institute. Archived July 7, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/7l3ea
- Citizens for a Sound Economy Foundation (Later Americans for Prosperity) โ Established in 1984 by Charles and David Koch.101Tom Hamburger, Kathleen Hennessey and Neela Banerjee. โKoch brothers now at heart of GOP power,โ Los Angeles Times, February 6, 2011. Archived February 20, 2018. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/VZUEZ
Koch Industries
- Koch Industries, Inc. โ Former Executive Vice President and Director.102โDavid Koch,โ Fobes, December 27, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/HVWbu
- Koch Membrane Systems, Inc. โ Former Chairman of the Board.103(Press Release). โKOCH MEMBRANE SYSTEMS ANNOUNCES EXECUTIVE MANAGEMENT CHANGESโ (PDF), Koch Membrane Systems, January 4, 2016.
- Koch Chemical Technology Group, LLC โ Former Chairman of the board and chief executive officer.104โDavid H. Kochโ (PDF), Koch Industries Inc. February, 2009.
Koch Foundations
- David H. Koch Charitable Foundation โ Former Director.
- Fred C. and Mary R. Koch Foundation โ Former Director.
Social Media
@Koch_Industries on Twitter.
Publications
- Jane Mayer (2016). Dark Money: The Hidden History of the Billionaires Behind the Rise of the Radical Right. Doubleday.
Investigative Reporting
Jane Mayer at The New Yorker has produced a long series of investigative reporting pieces on the Koch brothers:
- โCan Time Inc. Survive the Kochs?โThe New Yorker, November 28, 2017.
- โIn the Withdrawal from the Paris Climate Agreement, the Koch Brothersโ Campaign Becomes Overt,โ The New Yorker, June 5, 2017.
- โA Whistle-Blower Accuses the Kochs of ‘Poisoning’ an Arkansas Town,โ The New Yorker, September 9, 2016.
- โKoch for Clinton? Not a Chance,โ The New Yorker, April 26, 2016.
- โNew Koch,โ The New Yorker, January 25, 2016.
- โDo the Kochs Have their Own Spy Network,โ The New Yorker, November 18, 2015.
- โThe Koch Brothers in California?โ The New Yorker, October 25, 2013.
- โPaying for ‘Citizen Koch’,โ The New Yorker, August 13, 2013.
- โKoch Pledge Tied to Congressional Climate Inaction,โ The New Yorker, June 30, 2013.
- โStephen Colbert on David Koch and PBS,โ The New Yorker, May 23, 2013.
- โA Word from Our Sponsor,โ The New Yorker, May 27, 2013.
- โThe Kochs V. Cato: Winners and Losers,โThe New Yorker, June 27, 2012.
- โKochs Vs. Cato, Round Two,โ The New Yorker, March 5, 2012.
- โThe Kochs Vs. Cato,โ The New Yorker, March 1, 2012.
- โHermain Cain and the Kochs,โ The New Yorker, October 20, 2011.
- โCain and His Brothers,โ The New Yorker, November 4, 2011.
- โCovert Operations,โ The New Yorker, August 30, 2010.
Other Resources
- โDavid H. Koch,โ SourceWatch.
- โDavid Koch,โ Polluterwatch.
- โDavid H. Koch,โ Greenpeace.
- โKoch Brothers,โ SourceWatch.
- โDavid Koch,โ Wikipedia.
- โDavid Koch,โ LittleSis.
- โKoch-backed political network, built to shield donors, raised $400 million in 2012 elections,โ The Washington Post, January 5, 2014.
- โThe players in the Koch-backed $400 million political donor network,โ The Washington Post, January 5, 2014.
- Koch Brothers EXPOSED: 2014 (ft. Bernie Sanders) on YouTube.
- โPolitical activities of the Koch brothers,โ Wikipedia.
Resources
- 1โHonorary Degrees 2004,โ University of Cambridge. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/PjazV
- 2โNo. 11: David Koch,โ The Chronicle of Philanthropy, February 10, 2013. Archived March 28, 2018. Archive.is URL: https://archive.li/XXzhJ
- 3โNo. 11: David Koch,โ The Chronicle of Philanthropy, February 10, 2013. Archived March 28, 2018. Archive.is URL: https://archive.li/XXzhJ
- 4โ#2 Koch Industries,โ Forbes. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/cOk7p
- 5โDavid Koch,โ Fobes, December 27, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/HVWbu
- 6โDavid Koch is leaving Koch Industries, stepping down from Americans for Prosperity,โ The Washington Post, June 5, 2018. Archived June 5, 2018. Archive.is URL: https://archive.li/7wlnm
- 7Melanie Grayce West and John McCormick. โBillionaire David Koch, Who Used His Wealth to Reshape U.S. Politics, Dies at 79,โ The Wall Street Journal, August 23, 2019. Archived August 23, 2019. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/j9sUH
- 8โDavid H. Kochโ (PDF), Koch Industries Inc. February, 2009.
- 9โThe Making of the Kochtopus,โ Mother Jones, November 3, 2014. Archived December 27, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/s0buk
- 10โDavid Koch – Libertarian,โ Advocates for Self Government, archived February 26, 2007. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/4CWKJ
- 11โKoch Industries: Secretly Funding the Climate Denial Machine (PDF), Greenpeace, March 2010.
- 12Jane Meyer. โCovert Operations,โ The New Yorker, August 30, 2010. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/DWBMP
- 13Jane Meyer. โCovert Operations,โ The New Yorker, August 30, 2010. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/DWBMP
- 14Jane Meyer. โCovert Operations,โ The New Yorker, August 30, 2010. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/DWBMP
- 15Nicholas Confessore. โQuixotic โ80 Campaign Gave Birth to Kochsโ Powerful Network,โ The New York Times, May 17, 2014. Archived February 19, 2018. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/EUIIj
- 16Charlotte Curtis. โMAN WITHOUT A CANDIDATE,โ The New York Times, October 16, 1984. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/rueHq
- 17โ25 years at the Cato Instituteโ (PDF), Cato Institute. PDF created April 5, 2007.
- 18Phil Kerby. โThe Libertarians: Freedom to a Fault,โ Los Angeles Times, September 13, 1979.
- 19Justin Farrell. โCorporate funding and ideological polarization about climate change,โ PNAS Vol. 113. No. 1 (January 5, 2016). View full PDF here.
- 20Brendan DeMelle. โResearch Confirms ExxonMobil, Koch-funded Climate Denial Echo Chamber Polluted Mainstream Media,โ DeSmog, November 23, 2015.
- 21Joby Warrick. โWhy are so many Americans skeptical about climate change? A study offers a surprising answer.โ The Washington Post, November 23, 2015. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/j8wOC
- 22Joby Warrick. โWhy are so many Americans skeptical about climate change? A study offers a surprising answer.โ The Washington Post, November 23, 2015. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/j8wOC
- 23Joby Warrick. โWhy are so many Americans skeptical about climate change? A study offers a surprising answer.โ The Washington Post, November 23, 2015. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/j8wOC
- 24Mike Gaworecki. โNew Study Exposes True Extent, Influence Of Climate Denial Echo Chamber For First Time,โ DeSmog, Decembe 1, 2015.
- 25Justin Farrell. โNetwork structure and influence of the climate change counter-movement,โ Nature Climate Change 6, 370โ374 (2016). Full text on DropBox.
- 26Justin Farrell. โNetwork structure and influence of the climate change counter-movement,โ Nature Climate Change 6, 370โ374 (2016). Full text on DropBox.
- 27Justin Farrell. โNetwork structure and influence of the climate change counter-movement,โ Nature Climate Change 6, 370โ374 (2016). Full text on DropBox.
- 28Justin Farrell. โNetwork structure and influence of the climate change counter-movement,โ Nature Climate Change 6, 370โ374 (2016). Full text on DropBox.
- 29โThe Billionaire’s Party,โ New York, July 25, 2010. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/sHzng
- 30โForbes: Inside the Koch Empire, Including an Exclusive Interview with Charles and David Koch,โ Forbes, December 5, 2012. Archive.is URL: https://archive.li/II5wd
- 31โIn His own Words: David Koch, executive vice president and a board member of Koch Industries,โ The Wichita Eagle, October 14, 2012. Retrieved from issuu.com.
- 32โ1980 Libertarian Party David Koch Candidate Statement for Voter Pamphlets, re ‘Pollution Control’ and the EPA,โ KochDocs. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 33โA Fairy Tale of the Austrian Movement,โ MisesInstitute, September 25, 2007. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/PeGdD
- 34โKoch brothers are watching you: And new documents reveal just how much they know,โ Salon, November 5, 2018. Archived November 9, 2018. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/5SFZj
- 35โKoch brothers are watching you: And new documents reveal just how much they know,โ Salon, November 5, 2018. Archived November 9, 2018. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/5SFZj
- 36โKoch brothers are watching you: And new documents reveal just how much they know,โ Salon, November 5, 2018. Archived November 9, 2018. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/5SFZj
- 37โKoch brothers are watching you: And new documents reveal just how much they know,โ Salon, November 5, 2018. Archived November 9, 2018. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/5SFZj
- 38โDavid Koch is leaving Koch Industries, stepping down from Americans for Prosperity,โ The Washington Post, June 5, 2018. Archived June 5, 2018. Archive.is URL: https://archive.li/7wlnm
- 39โDavid Koch is leaving Koch Industries, stepping down from Americans for Prosperity,โ The Washington Post, June 5, 2018. Archived June 5, 2018. Archive.is URL: https://archive.li/7wlnm
- 40โDavid Koch is leaving Koch Industries, stepping down from Americans for Prosperity,โ The Washington Post, June 5, 2018. Archived June 5, 2018. Archive.is URL: https://archive.li/7wlnm
- 41โDavid Koch is leaving Koch Industries, stepping down from Americans for Prosperity,โ The Washington Post, June 5, 2018. Archived June 5, 2018. Archive.is URL: https://archive.li/7wlnm
- 42Jane Mayer. โThe Danger of President Pence,โ The New Yorker, October 23, 2017. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/0mJYh
- 43Jane Mayer. โThe Danger of President Pence,โ The New Yorker, October 23, 2017. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/0mJYh
- 44Jane Mayer. โThe Danger of President Pence,โ The New Yorker, October 23, 2017. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/0mJYh
- 45Jane Mayer. โThe Danger of President Pence,โ The New Yorker, October 23, 2017. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/0mJYh
- 46Jane Mayer. โThe Danger of President Pence,โ The New Yorker, October 23, 2017. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/0mJYh
- 47Jane Mayer. โThe Danger of President Pence,โ The New Yorker, October 23, 2017. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/0mJYh
- 48Jane Mayer. โThe Danger of President Pence,โ The New Yorker, October 23, 2017. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/0mJYh
- 49Jane Mayer. โThe Danger of President Pence,โ The New Yorker, October 23, 2017. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/0mJYh
- 50Hiroko Tabuchi. โBehind the Quiet State-by-State Fight Over Electric Vehicles,โ The New York Times, March 11, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/cvnsu
- 51Steve Horn. โHow the Koch Machine Quietly Pushed for the Dakota Access Pipeline and Stands to Profit,โ DeSmog, April 8, 2017.
- 52Steve Horn. โHow the Koch Machine Quietly Pushed for the Dakota Access Pipeline and Stands to Profit,โ DeSmog, April 8, 2017.
- 53โLobbying Report,โ Secretary of the Senate Office of Public Records, 2016.
- 54Steve Horn. โGOP Congress, Trump Already Pushing Koch Industries’ Bill to Hobble Regulatory Agencies,โ DeSmog, January 5, 2017.
- 55Steve Horn,. โPass a Regulation, Repeal Another: House Approves Provision Tied to Koch Industries,โ DeSmog, January 6, 2017.
- 56Kenneth P. Vogel and Eliana Johnson. โTrump’s Koch administration,โ Politico, November 28, 2016. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/BKGoc
- 57Alexander Hertel-Fernandez, Theda Skocpol, and Caroline Tervo. โBehind ‘Make America Great,’ the Koch Agenda Returns with a Vengeance,โ Talking Points Memo, November 21, 2016. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/F3OeB
- 58Ben Jervey. โThe Trump Administration Is Filling Up With Koch Allies,โ DeSmog, December 19, 2016.
- 59โThe Doubt Machine: Documentary Explores Koch Brothers’ War on Climate Science,โ DeSmog, November 3, 2016.
- 60โThe Doubt Machine: Inside The Koch Brothers’ War on Climate Science,โ The Real News.com. Accessed December 28, 2017.
- 61Sharon Kelly. โNew Koch-Funded Group โFueling US Forwardโ Aims to Promote the ‘Positives’ of Fossil Fuels,โ Desmog, August 14, 2016.
- 62Sharon Kelly. โNew Koch-Funded Group โFueling US Forwardโ Aims to Promote the ‘Positives’ of Fossil Fuels,โ Desmog, August 14, 2016.
- 63Peter Stone. โThe Kochs Are Plotting A Multimillion-Dollar Assault On Electric Vehicles,โ The Huffington Post, February 19, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/jXPA4
- 64โHidden Costs of Electric Cars,โ YouTube video uploaded by user โFueling U.S. Forwardโ on July 11, 2017 (no longer available online). Archived .mp4 on file at DeSmog.
- 65Ben Jervey. โKoch Front Group, Fueling US Forward, Bashes Electric Car Tax Credits in Latest Misleading Video,โ DeSmog, July 22, 2017.
- 66Ben Jervey. โKoch Front Group, Fueling US Forward, Bashes Electric Car Tax Credits in Latest Misleading Video,โ DeSmog, July 22, 2017.
- 67Ben Jervey. โMinority Communities in Virginia ‘Push Back on Koch Brothers,’ Call Fueling U.S. Forward a ‘Distasteful Effort’,โ DeSmog, March 6, 2017.
- 68Farron Cousins. โKoch-Funded Groups Slapped With Fines By Federal Election Commission,โ DeSmog, July 15, 2016.
- 69Libby Watson. โFEC fines Koch groups for illegal dark money,โ Sunlight Foundation, July 13, 2016. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/FIg3A
- 70Libby Watson. โFEC fines Koch groups for illegal dark money,โ Sunlight Foundation, July 13, 2016. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/FIg3A
- 71Libby Watson. โFEC fines Koch groups for illegal dark money,โ Sunlight Foundation, July 13, 2016. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/FIg3A
- 72โThe Kochs put a price on 2016: 9 million,โ Politico, January 26, 2015. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/fNY2Y
- 73Tim Alberta and Eliana Johnson. โExclusive: In Koch World โRealignment,โ Less National Politics,โ National Review, May 16, 2016. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/fmMaZ
- 74Tim Alberta and Eliana Johnson. โExclusive: In Koch World โRealignment,โ Less National Politics,โ National Review, May 16, 2016. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/fmMaZ
- 75Kenneth P. Vogel. โThe Koch intelligence agency,โ Politico, November 18, 2015. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: http://archive.is/Sc64H
- 76โDo the Kochs Have their Own Spy Network,โ The New Yorker, November 18, 2015. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: http://archive.is/1sAnj
- 77Kenneth P. Vogel. โThe Koch intelligence agency,โ Politico, November 18, 2015. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: http://archive.is/Sc64H
- 78โDo the Kochs Have their Own Spy Network,โ The New Yorker, November 18, 2015. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: http://archive.is/1sAnj
- 79Kenneth P. Vogel. โThe Koch intelligence agency,โ Politico, November 18, 2015. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: http://archive.is/Sc64H
- 80Eric Lichtblau. โCato Institute and Koch Brothers Reach Agreement,โ The New York Times, June 25, 2012. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/wxgnr
- 81Eric Lichtblau. โCato Institute and Koch Brothers Reach Agreement,โ The New York Times, June 25, 2012. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/wxgnr
- 82Eric Lichtblau. โCato Institute and Koch Brothers Reach Agreement,โ The New York Times, June 25, 2012. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/wxgnr
- 83Eric Lichtblau. โCato Institute Is Caught in a Rift Over Its Direction,โ The New York Times, March 6, 2012. Archived December 27, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/qz1nD
- 84Eric Lichtblau. โCato Institute Is Caught in a Rift Over Its Direction,โ The New York Times, March 6, 2012. Archived December 27, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/qz1nD
- 85Jesse Coleman. โWhy the Koch brothers are cannibalizing the Cato Institute,โ Greenpeace, March 20, 2012. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/CXtIk
- 86โClients lobbying on S.482: Energy Tax Prevention Act of 2011,โ OpenSecrets.org. Accessed December 28, 2017.
- 87Steve Horn. โJane Mayer’s โDark Moneyโ Book Reveals Koch Brothers Paid Firm Run by Former NYPD Chief to Smear Her,โ DeSmog, January 19, 2016.
- 88Steve Horn. โJane Mayer’s โDark Moneyโ Book Reveals Koch Brothers Paid Firm Run by Former NYPD Chief to Smear Her,โ DeSmog, January 19, 2016.
- 89Steve Horn. โJane Mayer’s โDark Moneyโ Book Reveals Koch Brothers Paid Firm Run by Former NYPD Chief to Smear Her,โ DeSmog, January 19, 2016.
- 90Steve Horn. โJane Mayer’s โDark Moneyโ Book Reveals Koch Brothers Paid Firm Run by Former NYPD Chief to Smear Her,โ DeSmog, January 19, 2016.
- 91Steve Horn. โJane Mayer’s โDark Moneyโ Book Reveals Koch Brothers Paid Firm Run by Former NYPD Chief to Smear Her,โ DeSmog, January 19, 2016.
- 92Steve Horn. โJane Mayer’s โDark Moneyโ Book Reveals Koch Brothers Paid Firm Run by Former NYPD Chief to Smear Her,โ DeSmog, January 19, 2016.
- 93Steve Horn. โJane Mayer’s โDark Moneyโ Book Reveals Koch Brothers Paid Firm Run by Former NYPD Chief to Smear Her,โ DeSmog, January 19, 2016.
- 94Steve Horn. โJane Mayer’s โDark Moneyโ Book Reveals Koch Brothers Paid Firm Run by Former NYPD Chief to Smear Her,โ DeSmog, January 19, 2016.
- 95Steve Horn. โJane Mayer’s โDark Moneyโ Book Reveals Koch Brothers Paid Firm Run by Former NYPD Chief to Smear Her,โ DeSmog, January 19, 2016.
- 96โDavid Koch is leaving Koch Industries, stepping down from Americans for Prosperity,โ The Washington Post, June 5, 2018. Archived June 5, 2018. Archive.is URL: https://archive.li/7wlnm
- 97โBOARD OF DIRECTORS,โ Americans for Prosperity Foundation. Archived March 11, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/E18KJ
- 98โDavid Koch,โ The Aspen Institute. Archived December 27, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/O3YrL
- 99โReason Trustees and Officers,โ Reason Foundation. Archived December 28, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/V3Ssg
- 100โBoard of Directors,โ Cato Institute. Archived July 7, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/7l3ea
- 101Tom Hamburger, Kathleen Hennessey and Neela Banerjee. โKoch brothers now at heart of GOP power,โ Los Angeles Times, February 6, 2011. Archived February 20, 2018. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/VZUEZ
- 102โDavid Koch,โ Fobes, December 27, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/HVWbu
- 103(Press Release). โKOCH MEMBRANE SYSTEMS ANNOUNCES EXECUTIVE MANAGEMENT CHANGESโ (PDF), Koch Membrane Systems, January 4, 2016.
- 104โDavid H. Kochโ (PDF), Koch Industries Inc. February, 2009.