Shanker Singham

Credentials

• J.D., University of Miami, (1996).¹ “Profile,” Competition Policy International. Archived December 14, 2018. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/OpPZe
• Law Society Finals, Guildford College of Law, (1992).² “Profile,” Competition Policy International. Archived December 14, 2018. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/OpPZe
• C.P.E. Guildford College of Law (1992).³ “Profile,” Competition Policy International. Archived December 14, 2018. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/OpPZe
• M.A., Balliol College, University of Oxford (1990).⁴ “Profile,” Competition Policy International. Archived December 14, 2018. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/OpPZe

Background

Shanker Singham is a former US lobbyist⁵ “Lobbyist Profile: Shanker A Singham,” Open Secrets. Archived July 16, 2020. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/sn3qu who became a prominent figure in UK politics after the 2016 EU referendum.⁶ Pippa Crerar. “Shanker Singham: is he the brains of Brexit?” The Guardian, September 23, 2018. Archived December 14, 2018. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/UbLkV

Singham has been described in the media as the “Brexiteers’ brain” for his close ties and “unparalleled access” to senior Eurosceptic politicians and ministers, including Boris Johnson, Michael Gove, Steve Baker, Liam Fox and David Davis.⁷ Alex Spence. “The Definitive Story Of How A Former Washington Lobbyist Became “The Brexiteers’ Brain”,” Buzzfeed, May 22, 2018. Archived July 16, 2020. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/vGhJi ⁸ Peter Geoghegan, Jenna Corderoy. “Revealed: New evidence of ‘Hard Brexit svengali’ Shanker Singham’s ‘unparalleled access’ to senior government figures,” Open Democracy, June 14, 2018. Archived July 16, 2020. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/GZjAc

Singham was named a member of a newly-established Trade and Agriculture Commission in July 2020, advising International Trade Secretary Liz Truss on trade policies designed to maintain a “competitive” farming sector and high animal welfare and environmental standards.⁹ “Trade and Agriculture Commission membership announced,” Gov, July 10, 2020. Archived July 16, 2020. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/P2L8Z

Singham has worked for two thinktanks with close ties to a network of groups lobbying for a deregulatory, “hard” Brexit based in and around offices at 55 Tufton Street in Westminster. He is a Fellow of International Trade and Competition at the free-market Institute of Economic Affairs,¹⁰ “Fellows and Academic Advisors,” IEA. Archived July 16, 2020. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/7u3Jw having formerly been Director of its International Trade and Competition Unit.¹¹ “ABOUT SHANKER SINGHAM” (PDF), Institute of Economic Affairs, May 16, 2018.

Prior to starting at the IEA in March 2018, Singham was Director of Economic Policy and Prosperity Studies at the Legatum Institute.¹² Alex Spence. “The Definitive Story Of How A Former Washington Lobbyist Became “The Brexiteers’ Brain”,” Buzzfeed, May 22, 2018. Archived July 16, 2020. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/vGhJi He also headed Legatum’s “Special Trade Commission”,¹³ Cynthia O’Murchu, Henry Mance. “Legatum: the think-tank at intellectual heart of ‘hard’ Brexit,” Financial Times, December 4, 2017. Archived July 16, 2020. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/3ONW4 which was set up in July 2016, to “present a roadmap” for post-Brexit trade talks.¹⁴ “Key Events,” Legatum. Archived July 16, 2020. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/mselV

Legatum has been described by openDemocracy as “the Brexiteers’ favourite think tank”¹⁵ Peter Geoghegan. “Legatum: the Brexiteers’ favourite think tank. Who is behind them?” openDemocracy, November 26, 2017. Archived December 14, 2018. and was found to have breached Charity Commission rules with its Brexit work in 2018.¹⁶ Peter Geoghegan. “Legatum breached charity regulations with Brexit work, Charity Commission finds,” Open Democracy, May 31, 2018. Archived July 16, 2020. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/jitQK Former Chief Executive of Vote Leave and the TaxPayers’ Alliance, Matthew Elliott, worked as a Legatum Senior Fellow in the year after the EU referendum.¹⁷ Matthew Elliott. “Matthew Elliott says farewell to the Legatum Institute,” Legatum Institute, Friday 11 May, 2018. Archived December 10, 2018. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/T3f5B

Singham was a member of an “expert committee” set up to advise former International Trade Secretary Liam Fox “on matters related to trade and investment”¹⁸ Chloe Farand. “Revealed: Liam Fox’s Trade Department is Taking Advice from ‘Experts’ with Links to Climate Science Denial Networks,” DeSmog, March 22, 2018. but was forced to resign due to a part-time role at PR and lobbying firm, Grayling. Other members included Ruth Lea, a Trustee of the GWPF, and Lord Lilley, a former Trustee.¹⁹ “Trade guru Shanker Singham quits over role at lobbying firm,” The Times, June 25, 2018.  Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/7VkAc

As recently as 2015, Singham was listed as an “expert” on a now-deleted webpage of the US-based climate science denying campaign group the Heartland Institute. The website’s “Expert Search” contained “staff, managing editors, senior fellows, and policy advisors (unpaid volunteers) to The Heartland Institute, as well as persons affiliated with other think tanks who have agreed to be identified as topic area experts for Heartland.”²⁰ “Expert Search,” The Heartland Institute. Archived September 12, 2015. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/aJaCG

Singham is Chair of the recently-established pro-Brexit-related news and commentary website, Global Vision. Despite sharing a name, the website has no formal association with the Eurosceptic campaign group directed by Ruth Lea and based at 55 Tufton Street.²¹ “About Us,” Global Vision. Archived July 16, 2020. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/vMZ3P

Stance on Climate Change

Singham does not appear to have publicly voiced his views on climate change.

Key Quotes

May 11, 2020

In a comment article on farming, written for the Global Vision website, Singham wrote:²² Shanker Singham. “Agriculture: The Threats to Global Britain,” Global Vision, May 11, 2020. Archived July 16, 2020. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/HqaUk

“In the area of agriculture, the EU is embarked on a Dante like journey ever deeper into the hell of protectionism. Its rules are diverging ever more dramatically from sound science.  The PM recognised this when later in the speech, turning on critics of the US deal, he said: “But I must say to the America bashers in this country if there are any that in doing free trade deals we will be governed by science and not by mumbo-jumbo because the potential is enormous.”²³ Shanker Singham. “Agriculture: The Threats to Global Britain,” Global Vision, May 11, 2020. Archived July 16, 2020. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/HqaUk

October 2017

While with the Legatum Institute, Singham said in an interview with BBC Newsnight:²⁴ “Shanker Singham: ‘We should be an independent, sovereign nation from Day One of Brexit’ – Viewsnight,” YouTube video uploaded by user BBC Newsnight on October 25, 2017. Archived .mp4 on file at DeSmog.

“We should be an independent, sovereign nation from Day One of Brexit.

“…We also need to take control of our regulatory environment so it can be improved. At the same time, we can make bilateral deals with countries like the US. We can join with large regional groupings like the Trans-Pacific Partnership.”²⁵ “Shanker Singham: ‘We should be an independent, sovereign nation from Day One of Brexit’ – Viewsnight,” YouTube video uploaded by user BBC Newsnight on October 25, 2017. Archived .mp4 on file at DeSmog.

Key Deeds

October 4, 2020

Shanker Singham was among panellists addressing a Conservative Party Conference fringe event, hosted by US right-wing think tank Heritage Foundation. He disputed that a post-Brexit free trade deal with the United States would have any significant consequences for environmental standards, despite evidence that US groups were using British affiliates to lobby the UK government to weaken existing animal and environmental protections. 

He argued that “there seems to be this assumption that the US is going to demand that the UK will lower its labour and environmental standards, quite the reverse, quite the contrary. The US has stated in its negotiating objectives that the UK mustn’t do those things. So I don’t think there’s any risk of this from the US side. But the issue of red lines and what we need to do in order to get a deal is quite a mercantilist way of thinking about a trade agreement.”²⁶ Rachel Sherrington. “These Agribusiness Groups With Ties to Climate Denial are Trying to Influence the US-UK Trade,” DeSmog, September 24, 2020.  ²⁷ “UK Free Trade After Brexit: The United States and Beyond,” YouTube video uploaded by user Think Tent on October 4, 2020. Archived October 6, 2020. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/NgFvK 

August 2020

Singham described a post-Brexit deal between the UK and the US as a “win-win”, dismissing concerns that the US would force the UK to accede to their demands. Singham added that agriculture was a “fundamental” issue for the US, declining to comment on the protection of UK farmers from US food imports.²⁸ Naomi Adedokun, “Remainer Myth US will steamroll UK in ‘win-win’ deal brilliantly debunked by Brexit expert”,The Daily Express, August 4th, 2020. Archived on 07 September 2020. Archive URL: https://archive.fo/ePmQE

July 2020

Singham was named a member of a newly-established Trade and Agriculture Commission in July 2020, advising International Trade Secretary Liz Truss on trade policies designed to maintain a “competitive” farming sector and high animal welfare and environmental standards.²⁹ “Trade and Agriculture Commission membership announced,” Gov, July 10, 2020. Archived July 16, 2020. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/P2L8Z Singham’s affiliation with the IEA was originally disclosed by the government but was later removed from their press release.³⁰ Rachel Sherrington. “Government Appoints Lobbyists with US Agribusiness Ties to Trade and Agriculture Commission,” DeSmog, July 15, 2020.

The Department for International Trade declined to answer questions about the change when contacted, while the IEA said Singham and another affiliate of the thinktank, Sir Lockwood Smith, had not joined “in an IEA capacity”.³¹ Rachel Sherrington. “Government Appoints Lobbyists with US Agribusiness Ties to Trade and Agriculture Commission,” DeSmog, July 15, 2020.

The composition and parameters of the commission drew criticism from environmental³² “RSPCA dismisses Trade Commission as ‘Trojan Horse’,” RSPCA, July 10, 2020. Archived July 16, 2020. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/ZRAzm  and animal welfare groups, with the major environmental coalition, Greener UK, stating that the commission’s membership raised “serious questions over its ability to address environmental issues.”³³ “Our reaction to the membership of the government’s Trade and Agriculture Commission, announced this morning,” Tweet by @GreenerUK on July 10, 2020. Retrieved from Twitter.com. Archived July 16, 2020. Archive .png on file at DeSmog.

September 2018

Singham was reportedly the architect of a proposal for a Canada-style trade deal between the UK and EU, touted as an “alternative Brexit plan” by then Brexit Secretary David Davis. The plan was seen as a key part of the strategy adopted by MPs and policymakers who supported a hard Brexit and rejected then Prime Minister Theresa May’s compromise “Chequers plan”.³⁴ Catherine Neilan. “David Davis aims to see off Chequers by backing fully fledged ‘Alternative Brexit Plan’,” City A.M., September 4, 2018. Archived December 15, 2018. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/w0JM2 A Canada-style deal would remove most tariffs to trade with the EU,³⁵ “What is a ‘Canada-style’ trade deal?” BBC News, February 3, 2020. Archived July 16, 2020. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/vADL9 which has dismissed the option as unlikely.³⁶ Simon Murphy. “Brexit deal ‘a different ball game’ to Canada agreement, warns EU,” Guardian, February 19, 2020. Archived July 16, 2020. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/7JUjP

July 2018

Singham arranged for members of a US think tank in favour of reducing regulations around chlorinated chicken to meet UK politicians, according to an investigation by Greenpeace’s investigative unit Unearthed.³⁷ Alice Ross. “How the IEA teamed up with US donors to push for environmental deregulation post-Brexit,” Unearthed, July 30, 2018. Archived December 15, 2018. ³⁸ Chloe Farand. “How Hard-Brexit Thinktank the Institute for Economic Affairs Helps Climate Science Deniers Push a Deregulation Agenda,” DeSmog, July 31, 2018.

Unearthed obtained recordings of IEA Director General Mark Littlewood claiming Singham and his team were speaking with then Environment Secretary Michael Gove “every three or four days, along with David Davis, Boris Johnson and Liam Fox.”³⁹ Lawrence Carter and Alice Ross. “A leading think tank brokered access to ministers for US donors looking to influence Brexit,” Unearthed, July 29, 2018. Archived December 15, 2018. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/6Ffcz

Unearthed found that Singham organised for Michael Carnuccio, CEO of the E Foundation, an Oklahoma-based think tank, to meet then Brexit minister Steve Baker and other members of European Research Group, an influential grouping of Eurosceptic Tory MPs previously led by Jacob Rees-Mogg.⁴⁰ Chloe Farand. “How Hard-Brexit Thinktank the Institute for Economic Affairs Helps Climate Science Deniers Push a Deregulation Agenda,” DeSmog, July 31, 2018.

According to the investigation, Carnuccio compared Singham to George Clooney’s well-connected “fixer” character in the movie Michael Clayton: “Shanker is like that but for trade and economics and everything else, they all just seem to call him or want to talk to him to, like, figure out how to get things done.”⁴¹ Alice Ross. “How the IEA teamed up with US donors to push for environmental deregulation post-Brexit,” Unearthed, July 30, 2018. Archived December 15, 2018.

June 2018

The Department for International Trade was embroiled in a controversy involving Singham after openDemocracy revealed⁴² Chloe Farand. “Revealed: Liam Fox’s Trade Department is Taking Advice from ‘Experts’ with Links to Climate Science Denial Networks,” DeSmog, March 22, 2018. that he had begun advising PR and lobbying firm Grayling about Brexit, while simultaneously serving as a member of International Trade Secretary Liam Fox’s trade advisory team.⁴³ Adam Ramsay and Peter Geoghegan. “Liam Fox caught in fresh ‘lobbyists as advisers’ scandal,” OpenDemocracyUK, June 21, 2018. Archived December 15, 2018. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/vWjjf

Singham said there was no conflict of interest but stepped down from his trade advisory role days later. DeSmog mapped the government departments and ministers he had met with since the Brexit vote.⁴⁴ Mat Hope and Richard Collett-White. “Mapped: How Brexit Lobbyists Give Climate Science Deniers Privileged Access to the UK Government,” DeSmog, July 3, 2018.

May 2018

Singham visited the US to work on a post-Brexit trade deal with Matthew Elliott, former Chief Executive of Vote Leave, editor-at-large of Brexit Central and founder of 55 Tufton Street resident the TaxPayers’ Alliance.⁴⁵ “Senior Fellow Matthew Elliott recently visited America where he made the case for a strong US-UK trade deal,” Legatum Institute, May 22, 2017. Archived May 31, 2017.

March 2018

Singham left the Legatum Institute to head the International Trade and Competition Unit at the Institute of Economic Affairs.⁴⁶ “Shanker Singham to head up new Trade Unit at Institute of Economic Affairs,” IEA, March 9, 2018. Archived December 15, 2018. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/7YRwo

Affiliations

• Institute of Economic Affairs (IEA) — Fellow of International Trade and Competition, formerly Director of the International Trade and Competition Unit.⁴⁷ “Fellows and Academic Advisors,” IEA. Archived July 16, 2020. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/7u3Jw
• Global Vision – Chair.⁴⁸ “About Us,” Global Vision. Archived July 16, 2020. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/vMZ3P
• Legatum Institute — Former Director of Economic Policy and Prosperity Studies until 2018.⁴⁹ Alex Spence. “The Definitive Story Of How A Former Washington Lobbyist Became “The Brexiteers’ Brain”,” Buzzfeed, May 22, 2018. Archived July 16, 2020. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/vGhJi
• Competere Group — CEO and Chair.⁵⁰ “Shanker Singham,” LinkedIn. Accessed December 14, 2018. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
• Grayling — Part-time senior advisor.⁵¹ “Trade guru Shanker Singham quits over role at lobbying firm,” The Times, June 25, 2018.  Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/7VkAc
• Centre for Economics and Business Research – former Head of Trade.⁵² “CapX – How high a price will the global economy pay for Trump’s tariffs?” CEBR, April 4, 2018. Archived July 16, 2020. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/Ud81i
• Heartland Institute — Formerly listed among “experts” identified by the institute.⁵³ “Expert Search,” The Heartland Institute. Archived September 12, 2015. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/aJaCG
• Babson Global — Former Managing Director, Competitiveness and Enterprise Development Project.⁵⁴ “Shanker Singham,” LinkedIn. Accessed December 14, 2018. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog. ⁵⁵ “Babson Global Taps Shanker Singham to Lead Newly Established Competitiveness and Enterprise Development Project,” Babson Global via Cision PR Newswire, September 26, 2013. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/gVBKE
• Squire Sanders (now Squire Patton Boggs) — Former Lobbyist/Partner (1995 – 2013).⁵⁶ “Shanker Singham,” LinkedIn. Accessed December 14, 2018. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
• Roundtable on Trade and Competition — Chairman.⁵⁷ “Shanker Singham,” LinkedIn. Accessed December 14, 2018. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
• CMS Cameron McKenna (now CMS) — Former associate (1992 – 1995).⁵⁸ “Shanker Singham,” LinkedIn. Accessed December 14, 2018. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.

Social Media

• @ShankerASingham on Twitter
• Shanker Singham on LinkedIn

Publications

According to his profile at the IEA, Singham has “lectured, written and spoken extensively, including over one hundred articles and book chapters.” He has written regularly for UK conservative news outlets including The Telegraph and Conservative Home.⁵⁹ “ABOUT SHANKER SINGHAM” (PDF), Institute of Economic Affairs, May 16, 2018.

• “EU-style regulation on animal welfare would be the wrong step for Britain,” Conservative Home, June 2, 2020
• “We are closing in on a deal that would enable the UK to reap the full benefits of Brexit,” The Telegraph, October 15, 2019
• “How British farming can flourish after we leave the EU,” Conservative Home, February 11, 2019
• “PlanA+: Creating a prosperous post-Brexit UK,” Institute of Economic Affairs, September 21, 2018

Other Resources

• “Shanker Singham,” LittleSis. 

_{Photo credit: YouTube/Sky News}

Resources

• 1
  “Profile,” Competition Policy International. Archived December 14, 2018. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/OpPZe
• 2
  “Profile,” Competition Policy International. Archived December 14, 2018. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/OpPZe
• 3
  “Profile,” Competition Policy International. Archived December 14, 2018. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/OpPZe
• 4
  “Profile,” Competition Policy International. Archived December 14, 2018. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/OpPZe
• 5
  “Lobbyist Profile: Shanker A Singham,” Open Secrets. Archived July 16, 2020. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/sn3qu
• 6
  Pippa Crerar. “Shanker Singham: is he the brains of Brexit?” The Guardian, September 23, 2018. Archived December 14, 2018. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/UbLkV
• 7
  Alex Spence. “The Definitive Story Of How A Former Washington Lobbyist Became “The Brexiteers’ Brain”,” Buzzfeed, May 22, 2018. Archived July 16, 2020. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/vGhJi
• 8
  Peter Geoghegan, Jenna Corderoy. “Revealed: New evidence of ‘Hard Brexit svengali’ Shanker Singham’s ‘unparalleled access’ to senior government figures,” Open Democracy, June 14, 2018. Archived July 16, 2020. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/GZjAc
• 9
  “Trade and Agriculture Commission membership announced,” Gov, July 10, 2020. Archived July 16, 2020. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/P2L8Z
• 10
  “Fellows and Academic Advisors,” IEA. Archived July 16, 2020. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/7u3Jw
• 11
  “ABOUT SHANKER SINGHAM” (PDF), Institute of Economic Affairs, May 16, 2018.
• 12
  Alex Spence. “The Definitive Story Of How A Former Washington Lobbyist Became “The Brexiteers’ Brain”,” Buzzfeed, May 22, 2018. Archived July 16, 2020. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/vGhJi
• 13
  Cynthia O’Murchu, Henry Mance. “Legatum: the think-tank at intellectual heart of ‘hard’ Brexit,” Financial Times, December 4, 2017. Archived July 16, 2020. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/3ONW4
• 14
  “Key Events,” Legatum. Archived July 16, 2020. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/mselV
• 15
  Peter Geoghegan. “Legatum: the Brexiteers’ favourite think tank. Who is behind them?” openDemocracy, November 26, 2017. Archived December 14, 2018.
• 16
  Peter Geoghegan. “Legatum breached charity regulations with Brexit work, Charity Commission finds,” Open Democracy, May 31, 2018. Archived July 16, 2020. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/jitQK
• 17
  Matthew Elliott. “Matthew Elliott says farewell to the Legatum Institute,” Legatum Institute, Friday 11 May, 2018. Archived December 10, 2018. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/T3f5B
• 18
  Chloe Farand. “Revealed: Liam Fox’s Trade Department is Taking Advice from ‘Experts’ with Links to Climate Science Denial Networks,” DeSmog, March 22, 2018.
• 19
  “Trade guru Shanker Singham quits over role at lobbying firm,” The Times, June 25, 2018.  Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/7VkAc
• 20
  “Expert Search,” The Heartland Institute. Archived September 12, 2015. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/aJaCG
• 21
  “About Us,” Global Vision. Archived July 16, 2020. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/vMZ3P
• 22
  Shanker Singham. “Agriculture: The Threats to Global Britain,” Global Vision, May 11, 2020. Archived July 16, 2020. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/HqaUk
• 23
  Shanker Singham. “Agriculture: The Threats to Global Britain,” Global Vision, May 11, 2020. Archived July 16, 2020. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/HqaUk
• 24
  “Shanker Singham: ‘We should be an independent, sovereign nation from Day One of Brexit’ – Viewsnight,” YouTube video uploaded by user BBC Newsnight on October 25, 2017. Archived .mp4 on file at DeSmog.
• 25
  “Shanker Singham: ‘We should be an independent, sovereign nation from Day One of Brexit’ – Viewsnight,” YouTube video uploaded by user BBC Newsnight on October 25, 2017. Archived .mp4 on file at DeSmog.
• 26
  Rachel Sherrington. “These Agribusiness Groups With Ties to Climate Denial are Trying to Influence the US-UK Trade,” DeSmog, September 24, 2020.
• 27
  “UK Free Trade After Brexit: The United States and Beyond,” YouTube video uploaded by user Think Tent on October 4, 2020. Archived October 6, 2020. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/NgFvK 
• 28
  Naomi Adedokun, “Remainer Myth US will steamroll UK in ‘win-win’ deal brilliantly debunked by Brexit expert”,The Daily Express, August 4th, 2020. Archived on 07 September 2020. Archive URL: https://archive.fo/ePmQE
• 29
  “Trade and Agriculture Commission membership announced,” Gov, July 10, 2020. Archived July 16, 2020. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/P2L8Z
• 30
  Rachel Sherrington. “Government Appoints Lobbyists with US Agribusiness Ties to Trade and Agriculture Commission,” DeSmog, July 15, 2020.
• 31
  Rachel Sherrington. “Government Appoints Lobbyists with US Agribusiness Ties to Trade and Agriculture Commission,” DeSmog, July 15, 2020.
• 32
  “RSPCA dismisses Trade Commission as ‘Trojan Horse’,” RSPCA, July 10, 2020. Archived July 16, 2020. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/ZRAzm
• 33
  “Our reaction to the membership of the government’s Trade and Agriculture Commission, announced this morning,” Tweet by @GreenerUK on July 10, 2020. Retrieved from Twitter.com. Archived July 16, 2020. Archive .png on file at DeSmog.
• 34
  Catherine Neilan. “David Davis aims to see off Chequers by backing fully fledged ‘Alternative Brexit Plan’,” City A.M., September 4, 2018. Archived December 15, 2018. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/w0JM2
• 35
  “What is a ‘Canada-style’ trade deal?” BBC News, February 3, 2020. Archived July 16, 2020. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/vADL9
• 36
  Simon Murphy. “Brexit deal ‘a different ball game’ to Canada agreement, warns EU,” Guardian, February 19, 2020. Archived July 16, 2020. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/7JUjP
• 37
  Alice Ross. “How the IEA teamed up with US donors to push for environmental deregulation post-Brexit,” Unearthed, July 30, 2018. Archived December 15, 2018.
• 38
  Chloe Farand. “How Hard-Brexit Thinktank the Institute for Economic Affairs Helps Climate Science Deniers Push a Deregulation Agenda,” DeSmog, July 31, 2018.
• 39
  Lawrence Carter and Alice Ross. “A leading think tank brokered access to ministers for US donors looking to influence Brexit,” Unearthed, July 29, 2018. Archived December 15, 2018. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/6Ffcz
• 40
  Chloe Farand. “How Hard-Brexit Thinktank the Institute for Economic Affairs Helps Climate Science Deniers Push a Deregulation Agenda,” DeSmog, July 31, 2018.
• 41
  Alice Ross. “How the IEA teamed up with US donors to push for environmental deregulation post-Brexit,” Unearthed, July 30, 2018. Archived December 15, 2018.
• 42
  Chloe Farand. “Revealed: Liam Fox’s Trade Department is Taking Advice from ‘Experts’ with Links to Climate Science Denial Networks,” DeSmog, March 22, 2018.
• 43
  Adam Ramsay and Peter Geoghegan. “Liam Fox caught in fresh ‘lobbyists as advisers’ scandal,” OpenDemocracyUK, June 21, 2018. Archived December 15, 2018. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/vWjjf
• 44
  Mat Hope and Richard Collett-White. “Mapped: How Brexit Lobbyists Give Climate Science Deniers Privileged Access to the UK Government,” DeSmog, July 3, 2018.
• 45
  “Senior Fellow Matthew Elliott recently visited America where he made the case for a strong US-UK trade deal,” Legatum Institute, May 22, 2017. Archived May 31, 2017.
• 46
  “Shanker Singham to head up new Trade Unit at Institute of Economic Affairs,” IEA, March 9, 2018. Archived December 15, 2018. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/7YRwo
• 47
  “Fellows and Academic Advisors,” IEA. Archived July 16, 2020. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/7u3Jw
• 48
  “About Us,” Global Vision. Archived July 16, 2020. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/vMZ3P
• 49
  Alex Spence. “The Definitive Story Of How A Former Washington Lobbyist Became “The Brexiteers’ Brain”,” Buzzfeed, May 22, 2018. Archived July 16, 2020. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/vGhJi
• 50
  “Shanker Singham,” LinkedIn. Accessed December 14, 2018. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
• 51
  “Trade guru Shanker Singham quits over role at lobbying firm,” The Times, June 25, 2018.  Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/7VkAc
• 52
  “CapX – How high a price will the global economy pay for Trump’s tariffs?” CEBR, April 4, 2018. Archived July 16, 2020. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/Ud81i
• 53
  “Expert Search,” The Heartland Institute. Archived September 12, 2015. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/aJaCG
• 54
  “Shanker Singham,” LinkedIn. Accessed December 14, 2018. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
• 55
  “Babson Global Taps Shanker Singham to Lead Newly Established Competitiveness and Enterprise Development Project,” Babson Global via Cision PR Newswire, September 26, 2013. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/gVBKE
• 56
  “Shanker Singham,” LinkedIn. Accessed December 14, 2018. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
• 57
  “Shanker Singham,” LinkedIn. Accessed December 14, 2018. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
• 58
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