Profile image screenshot from YouTube video, Willie Soon at Heartland Institute’s 12th International Conference on Climate Change.
Willie Wei-Hock Soon
Credentials
- Ph.D., Aerospace Engineering, University of Southern California (1991).1 โResearch Staff Listing: Willie Soon,โ Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. Archived July 6, 2011. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/KG4q
- M.Sc. University of Southern California (1987).2 โResearch Staff Listing: Willie Soon,โ Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. Archived July 6, 2011. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/KG4q
- B.Sc. University of Southern California (1985).3 โResearch Staff Listing: Willie Soon,โ Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. Archived July 6, 2011. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/KG4q
Background
Willie Wei-Hock Soon is an aerospace engineer at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. Since 1992, Dr. Soon has been an astronomer at the Mount Wilson Observatory. Soon is also a receiving editor with the journal New Astronomy.4 โNew Astronomy Editorial Board,โ Elsevier. Archived August 19, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/pHm3
Willie Soon earned his bachelor’s and master’s degrees in science from the University of Southern California. In 1991, Soon received his Ph.D. in aerospace engineering from the University of Southern California. Since 1992, Dr. Soon has been an astronomer at the Mount Wilson Observatory. Willie Soon is also a receiving editor with the journal New Astronomy.
Soon is a prominent climate change skeptic who has received much of his research funding from the oil and gas industry.
According to David Suzuki:
โU.S. oil and coal companies, including ExxonMobil, the American Petroleum Institute, Koch Industries, and the worldโs largest coal-burning utility, Southern Company, have contributed more than $1 million over the past decade to his research. According to Greenpeace, every grant Dr. Soon has received since 2002 has been from oil or coal interests.โ5 David Suzuki. โInvestigation hits at climate change denier’s ‘science’,โ Canoe.ca, July 13, 2007. Archived September 13, 2011. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/bihip
Fossil Fuel Funding
As part of a March 2018 legal case between the cities of San Francisco and Oakland and fossil fuel companies, Soon was asked to disclose any connections he had to connected parties. He offered the following response (emphasis added):
โI have not received any funding for the climate-sensitivity research led by Christopher Monckton of Brenchley. In the past, I have received scientific research grants from Exxon-Mobil Foundation, Southern Company and the Charles G. Koch Foundation for my work on various topics, including scientific research on the Sun-climate connection.โ6 โRESPONSES OF THE NINE PROPOSED AMICI CURIAE 23 LISTED BELOW TO THE QUESTIONS ABOUT THEIR 24 PARTICIPATION POSED BY THE COURT ON MARCH 19, 2018,โ United States District Court, Northern District of California, San Francisco Division. Filed March 20, 2018. Retrieved from DocumentCloud.
Willie Soon and Sallie Baliunas
Soon co-published a controversial review article titled โProxy climatic and environmental changes of the past 1000 yearsโ(Climate Research, 2003) with Sallie Baliunas. The article claims that the twentieth century was not the warmest century in the past 1,000 years and that the climate has not changed significantly during this time. Senator James Inhofe used this article as proof that climate change is caused by natural variability, not human activity.7 โSenator Inhofe on Climate Change,โ RealClimate, January 10, 2005. Archived June 4, 2019. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/HNrSp
After the article was published, three of the editors of Climate Research resigned in protest, including incoming editor-in-chief Hans von Storch. Storch declared the article was seriously flawed because โthe conclusions [were] not supported by the evidence presented in the paper.โ In addition to the resignations, twelve of the scientists cited in the paper published a rebuttal stating that Soon and Baliunas had misinterpreted their work.8 โStorm Brews Over Global Warming,โ Chronicle of Higher Education, September 5, 2003. Retrieved from www.cfa.harvard.edu. 9 Mann, M.E et al. โOn Past Temperatures and Anomalous late-20th Century Warmthโ (PDF), American Geophysical Union, July 7, 2003. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
Willie Soon and The Fraser Institute
Willie Soon has written for the Fraser Institute and was formerly listed on its website as an author. The Fraser Institute received at least $120,000 from ExxonMobil since 1998, according to ExxonSecrets. According to archived data from the Conservative Transparency project, combined with original 990 research, the Fraser Institute has also received over $1.4 million from the Charles G. Koch Charitable Foundation, and at least $225,000 form the Sarah Scaife Foundation.10 โAuthor Details: Willie Soon,โ The Fraser Institute. Archived April 11, 2009. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/KwUp1 11 โFraser Institute,โ Conservative Transparency. Accessed June 2019. Archived data on file at DeSmog.
Willie Soon and the George C. Marshall Institute
Willie Soon is a former senior scientist at the George C. Marshall Institute, a now-defunct group that was a predecessor for the CO2 Coalition. The Marshall Institute has received at least $865,000 from ExxonMobil since 1998. Since 1985, the institute has also received $4,290,000 from the Scaife Foundations and $620,000 from the Koch-related Foundations since 1985.12 โAbout the Authors,โ P. 29 of โLessons & Limits of Climate History: Was the 20th Century Climate Unusual?โ (PDF), The George C. Marshall Institute, 2003. Archived October 12, 2012. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
Willie Soon and The Heartland Institute
Willie Soon is listed on the Heartland Institute’s website and is a regular contributor to their conferences.13 โHeartland Experts: Willie Soon,โ Archived March 5, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/a6gyA
The Heartland Institute is one of the most notorious climate change denial organizations in the United States, known for its failed 2012 billboard campaign that featured an image of Unabomber Ted Kaczynski and the text โI still believe in Global Warming. Do You?โ
Soon was also a speaker at the International Conference on Climate Change in 2008 and 2009, a conference organized annually by the Heartland Institute. The sponsors of the conference are heavily funded by Exxon, Scaife, and Koch.14 Kevin Grandia. โResearch on the ‘sponsors’ behind the Heartland’s New York Climate Change Conference,โ DeSmog, February 24, 2009.
Willie Soon and Tech Central Station
Willie Soon was an author for Tech Central Station (TCS), a web-based journalism station that promoted climate change denial. Soon’s bio on the website stated, โDr. Willie Soon’s views expressed are not those of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics.โ According to the 2008 report โSmoke, Mirrors, and Hot Air,โ ExxonMobil gave TCS $95,000 in 2003. And, until 2006, TCS’s information was published by the public relations firm DCI Group, a registered lobbying firm for ExxonMobil.15 โTCS Daily: Authors: Willie Soon,โ TCS Daily. Archived April 9, 2009. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/nUVLg 16 โSmoke, Mirrors f& Hot Airโ (PDF), Union of Concerned Scientists, January 2007. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
Willie Soon and the World Climate Report
Soon was listed as a past โcontributorโ to the World Climate Report (WCR). The blog is run by the prominent climate change skeptic Patrick Michaels and is published by his company, New Hope Environmental Services. New Hope has been described as a PR company, and although secretive about its funding sources, it did receive support from an electrical generating company.17 โEditors and Contributors,โ World Climate Report. Archived July 3, 2003. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/AJAXW
The Center for Science and Public Policy and the Science and Public Policy Institute
Wilie Soon is connected to the Center for Science and Public Policy, an affiliate of Frontiers of Freedom. Although Willie Soon is not listed on the center’s website, in the Wall Street Journal article โEat More Fish,โ which he co-authored with Robert Ferguson, Soon is listed as the center’s โChief Science Researcher.โ18 Willie Soon and Robert Ferguson. โEat More Fish!โ (PDF), The Wall Street Journal, August 16, 2005; Page A12. Retrieved from Heartland.org.
โSmoke, Mirrors, and Hot Airโ reports that ExxonMobil has provided Frontiers of Freedom with $857,000 in funding since 1998. And in 2003, ExxonMobil gave Frontiers of Freedom a grant worth $232,000 to launch a new branch of the organization called the Center for Science and Public Policy. The mission of this new branch deals exclusively with the issue of climate change. The Scaife Family Foundations have donated $135,000 to Frontiers of Freedom, and the Koch Family Foundations have donated $50,000.19 โSmoke, Mirrors f& Hot Airโ (PDF), Union of Concerned Scientists, January 2007. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
The Science & Public Policy Institute (SPPI) lists Soon as Chief Science Adviser. The SPPI describes itself as a non-profit research and education organization which is committed to the advancement of sound, sensible energy and environmental public policies based on rational science and economics. In its mission statement the SPPI asserts that it is โfree from affilition to any corporation or political party.โ
The president of the Science & Public Policy Institute, Robert Ferguson, is also the executive director of the Center for Science and Public Policy. The link between the two organizations runs even deeper: both the SPPI and the Center for Science and Public Policy are listed at the same address: 209 Pennsylvania Ave. SE Washington, D.D. 20003.
Stance on Climate Change
โThe evidence in my paper is consistent with the hypothesis that the Sun causes climatic change in the Arctic [โฆ] It invalidates the hypothesis that CO2 is a major cause of observed climate change โ and raises serious questions about the wisdom of imposing cap-and-trade or other policies that would cripple energy production and economic activity, in the name of ‘preventing catastrophic climate change’.โ20 โItโs the Sun, stupid!โ, Iceagenow.com. March 5, 2009. Archived August 19, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/Zwg6q
Key Quotes
July 3, 2017
Delivering a lecture on the โClimate Change Hoaxโ at Camp Constitutionโs 2017 Summer camp in New Hampshire, Soon declared:
โNo experimental data exist that support the view that the Earthโs climate is anomalous or changing in a dangerous manner. Instead we know that CO2 is the gas of life. โฆ Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is merely a bit player in climate change.โ21 โThe Climate Change Hoax, with Professor Willie Soon at Camp Constitution 7-3-17,โ YouTube video uploaded by user Camp Constitution on July 13, 2017. Archived .mp4 on file at DeSmog.
December 8, 2016
Speaking at โAt the Crossroads II,โ a conference co-hosted by the Heritage Foundation and the Texas Public Policy Foundation, Willie Soon said:
โI have never said this in public, so Iโll say it for the first time: that ultimately, that version that published in Climate Research was a hoax. (Speaking of his 2003 paper, after which three editors resigned in protest).22 โPart 4 – At the Crossroads III: Energy and Climate Policy Summit,โ YouTube video uploaded by user The Heritage Foundation, December 9, 2016. Archived .mp4 on file at DeSmog.
โI want to remind you what climate actually is. What kind of expertise [you need to study it]. If you want to study climate just because of carbon dioxide, Iโm sorry, itโs still not enough to study only the atmosphere. Youโve got to know all of this bunch of stuff. This is part of the reason why the struggle for answer is so hard. We may never know the answer, but then weโve got to keep trying and follow the scientific method, please.โ23 โPart 4 – At the Crossroads III: Energy and Climate Policy Summit,โ YouTube video uploaded by user The Heritage Foundation, December 9, 2016. Archived .mp4 on file at DeSmog.
โEven [Michael] Mann and [Peter] Gleik have published in PNAS and they clearly have conflicts of interest in terms of the subject, in terms of the stuff that they are receiving money for doing what their work is.โ24 โPart 4 – At the Crossroads III: Energy and Climate Policy Summit,โ YouTube video uploaded by user The Heritage Foundation, December 9, 2016. Archived .mp4 on file at DeSmog.
โIn 2004, David Legates and I realized thereโs something seriously wrong with Michael Mannโs Work, another aspect of it, which is the instrumental temperature record, how he smoothed the data. [โฆ] The sweetest thing about this climate gate is that there is proof that Michael Mann did that.โ25 โPart 4 – At the Crossroads III: Energy and Climate Policy Summit,โ YouTube video uploaded by user The Heritage Foundation, December 9, 2016. Archived .mp4 on file at DeSmog.
โMy basic conclusion is very simple. That you have this dark cloud of censorship and intimidation [that] has really inundated the climate science for a long time now. And climate science as we know it has been dangerously corrupted by scientism, all these bullies of censorship including the scientists, the scientific institution, even the funding agencyโcontinue to hijack science with their own gain. So they must be stopped. I hope we can stop of course. Hopefully, with a political win, which is shown that depends on politics, that we can do something about this.โ26 โPart 4 – At the Crossroads III: Energy and Climate Policy Summit,โ YouTube video uploaded by user The Heritage Foundation, December 9, 2016. Archived .mp4 on file at DeSmog.
May 2016
โIn the realm of climate scientism, the rule seems to be: If the facts donโt support your argument, talk louder, twist the facts, and insult your opponents. Thatโs certainly what self-styled global warming โexpertsโ like Al Gore and Bill Nye are doing. Rather than debating scientists who donโt accept false claims that humans are causing dangerous climate change, they just proclaim more loudly [โฆ]โ27 Willie Soon. โBill Nye the Scientism Guy,โ Townhall.com, May 27, 2016. Archived August 20, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/XmKMX
โHowever, even burning all the economically available fossil fuels would not likely even double current atmospheric CO2 levels โ to just 0.08% carbon dioxide, compared to 21% oxygen, 78% nitrogen, 0.9% argon and 0.1% for all other gases except water vapor. And doubling CO2would get us away from the near-famine levels for plants that have prevailed for the past tens of millions of years.28 Willie Soon. โBill Nye the Scientism Guy,โ Townhall.com, May 27, 2016. Archived August 20, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/XmKMX
Carbon dioxide is absolutely essential for plant growth โ and for all life on Earth. Volumes of research clearly demonstrate that crop, garden, forest, grassland and ocean plants want more CO2, not less. The increased greening of our Earth over the past 30 years testifies to the desperate need of plants for this most fundamental fertilizer. The more CO2 they get, the better and faster they grow.โ29 Willie Soon. โBill Nye the Scientism Guy,โ Townhall.com, May 27, 2016. Archived August 20, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/XmKMX
June 2014
Willie Soon is one of three โGlobal Warming Skepticsโ to be recognized and given an award at the Heartland Institute‘s Ninth International Conference on Climate Change for โspeaking truth to power, whistleblowing, and the defense of science.โ Referencing the recognition and award, Soon states:
โScience and its practice are no longer free and willing today but instead are constantly terrorized by research funding gravy trains and group thinking. This is why science needs defending and it takes courage to cleanse science from those cancerous elements and to bring her forward in its rightful place again. I am humbled and honored by this recognition.โ30 Joseph Bast. โThree Global Warming Skeptics Win Awards,โ Watts Up With That, June 19, 2014. August 19, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/jryD8
April 2013
โSince 2004. have not received a single penny from the government. [โฆ] Since 2004, I’m unable and thenโฆfirst unable then I decided to not take even the money anymore, because it’s just very bad for me. My own personal viewpointโto take money from government to do such work. So I’ve been trying to get funding from whoever, you know, foundationโanybody wants to give me money. Coal, anythingโI don’t care. Really, I don’t. I don’t, because I know that I’m not being influenced by money.โ31 Interview with Simon Schuster, State News, Michigan State University, April 7, 2013.
โI don’t like to claim that I am an expert on anything, but I have enough knowledge about climate science and climate system to be able to write scientific papers and go to meetings and talk about monsoon systems and talk about any other things that you want to discuss about climate science issues. I’m as qualified as anybody that you know on this planet on this topic.โ32 โClimate change denier Willie Soon questioned over Koch, Exxon funding at CFACT Campus eventโ (YouTube video), uploaded by PolluterWatch, April 8, 2013.
February 2013
โThere is no experimental data that exists that supports the view that the Earthโs climate is changing in any dangerous way.33 Nikki Wentling. โLegislature considering delays in renewable energy standards,โ Lawrence Journal World, February 5, 2013. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/OnLCh
2008
โFor polar bearsโฆ you do want to watch out for ice. Too much ice is really bad for polar bears. [โฆ] I would suggest that the current [ice] condition today is nowhere optimal for the polar bear, which means it can grow a little bit warmer.โ34 โWillie Soon: ‘Too Much Ice Is Really Bad for Polar Bears’,โ InsideClimate News, February 24, 2015. Archived August 20, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/KzQ3n
July, 2003
โI am here today to testify that the climate of the 20th century is neither unusual nor the most extreme. Around 1,000 years ago, the temperature over many parts of the world was warm. A widespread cooling then set in for several centuries, followed by a recovery to 20th century warming.โ35 โClimate History and the Science Underlying Fate, Transport, and Health Effects of Mercury Emissions,โ Summary (PDF) of Hearing Before the Committee on Environment and Public Works, July 29, 2003. Page 6.
Key Deeds
September 24, 2020
Soon appeared in Marc Moranoโs 2020 film Climate Hustle 2: Rise of the Climate Monarchy, produced by the Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow (CFACT).
During a discussion concerning whether the RICO (Racketeering Influence and Corrupt Organisations Act), initially intended to combat organised crime, could be used against climate skeptics, Soon stated:
โYes, if the RICO law apply I think it should apply to them rather than us.โ36 Climate Hustle 2: Rise of the Climate Monarchy. CFACT/ CDR Communications, Inc., 2020
October 2019
Soon signed the โRealist Catholic Climate Declaration,โ drafted by Heartland Institute policy analyst William Briggs, which stated, โthe earthโs climate has always changed, is changing now, and will never cease changing. The extent to which man is responsible for climate change is not known, only surmised. There is no earthly force capable of stopping climate change,โ and that, โthe salvation of souls is of more pressing concern than the air temperature. Pray to God and pray for your neighbor, not to the planet.โ37 โThe Declaration,โ Realist Catholic Climate Declaration, Archived October 29, 2020. Archive URL: https://archive.is/O2m5D 38 โWilliam Briggs,โThe Heartland Institute, Archived October 26, 2020. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/bDHXU
The declaration was endorsed by Anthony Wattsโ blog Watts Up With That, in a post by Charles Rotter, which stated, โplease share this as widely as possible. With the concept of ‘eco-sins’ being bruited, and the return of paganism, this declaration is timely and important.โ39 Charles Rotter,โRealist Catholic Climate Change Declaration,โ Watts Up with That, October 13, 2019. Archived October 23, 2020. Archive. URL: https://archive.vn/aieXw
According to a post at William Briggsโs website: โThis statement is to be in contradistinction to the hyperbolic and inaccurate ‘U.S. Catholic Climate Declaration’,โ Briggs wrote of the draft. โThe goal is to have something short, sweet, certain, and Catholic.โ40 โDraft Realist Catholic Climate Declaration: Please Share!โ William M. Briggs, October 7, 2019. Archived October 8, 2020. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/yveCN
September 23, 2019
Soon appeared at a Heartland Institute panel discussion in New York City also featuring Patrick Michaels and David Legates, and moderated by John Stossel. The event was live-streamed to coincide with the UNโs Climate Summit and was announced with the tag line: โIt’s time for both sides to make the case: What is happening to our climate and what can we do about it?โ41 โClimate Challenge: Bright Lights, Big City โฆ Bigger Debate,โ Heartland Institute, September 13, 2019. Archived September 13, 2019. Archive.is URL: http://archive.is/M7XlQ. Archived .mp4 on file at DeSmog.
During the discussion, Soon said:
โIโm unable to find out what the carbon dioxide is doing to the atmosphere. It is increasing, but itโs not causing any warming.โ42 โClimate Challenge: Bright Lights, Big City โฆ Bigger Debate,โ Heartland Institute, September 13, 2019. Archived September 13, 2019. Archive.is URL: http://archive.is/M7XlQ. Archived .mp4 on file at DeSmog.
โMy message to all of them is that please don’t cry. I mean, I’ll hold your hand and sing lullabies to you. By 2030 I’ll still be here. Please don’t panic. There’s no such thing as climate catastrophe, these people are talking nonsense. It’s unbelievable that we have to answer all this kind of craziness.โ43 โClimate Challenge: Bright Lights, Big City โฆ Bigger Debate,โ Heartland Institute, September 13, 2019. Archived September 13, 2019. Archive.is URL: http://archive.is/M7XlQ. Archived .mp4 on file at DeSmog.
โCarbon dioxide is the greatest gift on planet earth. Put it this way, if we can release more of it, we should have a whole lot more of it, as simple as that. Because according to the satellite data, I mean, we’ve been greening the planet, in a very, very nice way, in a sense, because the planet is a lot greener, the plants are using much more efficient in terms of water, require a lot less use of water. So a drought region becoming green, even in desert, a desert area. These are overall benefits, overall positive effects on the plants, as far as we can tell [โฆ] the impact on the temperature, we are unable to find it. I tell you that I’ve been studying this topic very carefully, only wanting to find a result on the impact of carbon dioxide on temperature, let’s say. I really cannot find [it] after 30 years.โ44 โClimate Challenge: Bright Lights, Big City โฆ Bigger Debate,โ Heartland Institute, September 13, 2019. Archived September 13, 2019. Archive.is URL: http://archive.is/M7XlQ. Archived .mp4 on file at DeSmog.
December 14, 2018
The Heartland Institute released a report written by Willie Soon and Patrick Moore among others criticizing Greenpeace, claiming the group promotes โsocialist and anti-capitalist ideals.โ According to the authors, โGreenpeace are not actually helping to protect the environment, or exposing real problems.โ45 โAnalysis of Greenpeaceโs business model & philosophyโ (PDF), Heartland Institute, December 2018. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
August 5 – 11, 2018
Soon gave a presentation at Camp Constitution, a group targeting children with the stated mission โto enhance understanding of our Judeo-Christian moral heritage, our American heritage of courage and ingenuity, including the genius of our United States Constitution, and the application of free enterprise, which together gave our nation an unprecedented history of growth and prosperity, making us the envy of the world.โ46 โCamp Constitution Mission Statement,โ Camp Constitution. Archived November 9, 2018. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/ItQSx
According to the camp schedule, Soon presented on โthe Global Warming/Climate Change Hoaxโ as well as on โAre the Sea Levels Rising?โ47 โCamp Constitution โ 2018 โ Daily General Scheduleโ (PDF), Campconstitution.net. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog. 48 โCamp Constitution Mission Statement,โ Camp Constitution. Archived November 9, 2018. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/ItQSx
Among those listed at the camp’s โSpeakers Bureauโ is Tom DeWeese, founder of the American Policy Center and a promoter of the Agenda 21 conspiracy that contends the United Nations are aiming to establish a totalitarian world government.49 โCamp Constitution Speakers Bureau,โ Camp Constitution. Archived November 9, 2018. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/etaWO 50 โAbout Tom DeWeese,โ Southern Poverty Law Center. Accessed November 9, 2018. 51 โAgenda 21: The UN, Sustainability and Right-Wing Conspiracy Theory,โ Southern Poverty Law Center, March 31, 2014.
Lord Christopher Monckton was also a speaker at the camp.
March 2018
Soon was one of several prominent climate change deniers who offered โfriend of the courtโ briefs as part of a case in which San Francisco and Oakland are suing fossil fuel companies over the costs their cities face due to climate change.52 John H. Cushman Jr. โClimate Contrarians Try to Slip Their Views into U.S. Courtโs Science Tutorial,โ InsideClimate News, March 20, 2018. Archived March 20, 2018. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/9SVL6
InsideClimateNews noted that the judge requested that the groups each file a statement declaring who paid for their research, whether they received support from anyone โon either side of the climate debate,โ and whether any of them were โaffiliated in any way (directly or indirectly)โ with parties to the litigation.53 John H. Cushman Jr. โClimate Contrarians Try to Slip Their Views into U.S. Courtโs Science Tutorial,โ InsideClimate News, March 20, 2018. Archived March 20, 2018. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/9SVL6
Soon offered the following response (emphasis added):
โI have not received any funding for the climate-sensitivity research led by Christopher Monckton of Brenchley. In the past, I have received scientific research grants from Exxon-Mobil Foundation, Southern Company and the Charles G. Koch Foundation for my work on various topics, including scientific research on the Sun-climate connection.โ (Emphasis added).54 โRESPONSES OF THE NINE PROPOSED AMICI CURIAE 23 LISTED BELOW TO THE QUESTIONS ABOUT THEIR 24 PARTICIPATION POSED BY THE COURT ON MARCH 19, 2018,โ United States District Court, Northern District of California, San Francisco Division. Filed March 20, 2018. Retrieved from DocumentCloud.
E&E News reported that David Legates, who had worked with Soon on some of his studies, โnotified the court that his views have cost him federal research grants but did not mention that some of the studies he conducted with Soon received funding from fossil fuel companies, including Exxon Mobil.โ55 Scott Waldman. โJudge in climate case made skeptics disclose their donors,โ E&E News, March 22, 2018.
As of March 19, U.S. District Judge William Alsup said he had received two of the briefs. One group included Soon, Christopher Monckton, David Legates, William M. Briggs, and Michael Limburg among others submitted by the Heartland Institute’s Peter J. Ferrara. The other group included Richard Lindzen, Will Happer, and Steven Koonin. Koonin has advocated for a โred team, blue teamโ approach to debating climate science.56 John H. Cushman Jr. โClimate Contrarians Try to Slip Their Views into U.S. Courtโs Science Tutorial,โ InsideClimate News, March 20, 2018. Archived March 20, 2018. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/9SVL6
Authors also included David Legates, who has received funding by various industry groups such as the American Petroleum Institute, Charles G. Koch Caritable Foundation, Southern Company, and ExxonmobilWilliam M. Briggs, a statistician; Michael Limburg, vice president of the European Institute for Climate and Energy (EIKE) that has co-hosted climate change denial events with the Heartland Institute; Dietrich Jeschke from the University of Applied Sciences in Flensburg, Germany; and James Morrison, whose only listing is as an undergraduate in Environmental Scienes at the University of West Anglia. โItโs unusual to list an undergraduate student as a scientific expert, particularly in a brief related specifically to a tutorial on the scientific evidence underpinning a case,โ Climate Liability News noted.57 Amy Westervelt. โClimate Denial Arguments Make Their Way to Federal Judgeโs Science Tutorial,โ Climate Liability News, March 20, 2018. Archived March 20, 2018. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/je7pf
ICN described the caseโwhich included a โclimate tutorialโโas an โan unusual arrangement, seemingly borrowed from patent litigation, where judges commonly hear initial testimony from both sides on pertinent scientific details,โ would take place in a mock classroom and included a set of basic preliminary questions about climate to start the discussion.58 John H. Cushman Jr. โ8 Answers to the Judgeโs Climate Change Questions in Cities vs. Fossil Fuels Case,โ InsideClimate News, March 20, 2018. Archived March 20, 2018. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/9BYaQ 59 โSOME QUESTIONS FOR THE TUTORIALโ (PDF), United States District Court, March 6, 2018.
Lindzen’s group summarized their message as follows:60 John H. Cushman Jr. โClimate Contrarians Try to Slip Their Views into U.S. Courtโs Science Tutorial,โ InsideClimate News, March 20, 2018. Archived March 20, 2018. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/9SVL6
โTo summarize this overview, the historical and geological record suggests recent changes in the climate over the past century are within the bounds of natural variability. Human influences on the climate (largely the accumulation of CO2 from fossil fuel combustion) are a physically small (1%) effect on a complex, chaotic, multicomponent and multiscale system. Unfortunately, the data and our understanding are insufficient to usefully quantify the climate’s response to human influences. However, even as human influences have quadrupled since 1950, severe weather phenomena and sea level rise show no significant trends attributable to them. Projections of future climate and weather events rely on models demonstrably unfit for the purpose. As a result, rising levels of CO2 do not obviously pose an immediate, let alone imminent, threat to the earth’s climate.โ
Monckton and Soon’s group had their brief submitted by a Heartland Institute lawyer:61 John H. Cushman Jr. โClimate Contrarians Try to Slip Their Views into U.S. Courtโs Science Tutorial,โ InsideClimate News, March 20, 2018. Archived March 20, 2018. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/9SVL6
โThere is no agreement among climatologists as to the relative contributions of Man and Natureโ to observed planetary warming, they claimed. As for the consensus view, it โsays nothing about whether anthropogenic global warming was, is or will be catastrophic.โ
โAnd why, he asked, did they wait so long to present their documents, limiting the time for others to respond to them?โ ICN added.62 John H. Cushman Jr. โClimate Contrarians Try to Slip Their Views into U.S. Courtโs Science Tutorial,โ InsideClimate News, March 20, 2018. Archived March 20, 2018. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/9SVL6
The case is one of several in which cities have filed lawsuits against fossil fuel companies regarding knowledge about climate change, and damages related to to their products due to the addition of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere.63 David Hasemyer. โClimate Legal Paradox: Judges Issue Dueling Rulings for Cities Suing Fossil Fuel Companies,โ InsideClimate News, March 20, 2018. Archived March 20, 2018. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/6WXtQ
February 4, 2018
In January 2018, more than 200 scientists endorsed an open letter calling on the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) to remove climate change denier Rebekah Mercer from its board and to โend ties to anti-science propagandists and funders of climate science misinformation.โ The New York Times reported that those among the AMNH letter calling for Mercer to step down were Michael E. Mann, director of the Earth System Science Center at Pennsylvania State University, and Katharine Hayhoe, director of the Climate Science Center at Texas Tech University.64 Robin Pogrebin and Somini Sengupta. โA Science Denier at the Natural History Museum? Scientists Rebel,โ The New York Times, January 25, 2018. Archived February 13, 2018. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/tAIv4
Soon was among a group of climate change deniers who responded with their own open letter, calling for the AMNH โnot to cave in to this pressure.โ The letter was signed by numerous individuals with ties to groups funded by the Mercer Family Foundation such as Will Happer of the CO2 CoalitionRichard Lindzen, a fellow at the Cato InstituteCraig Idso, the chairman of the Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change. There are a number of signatories affiliated with the Heartland Institute, which has received over $5.78 million from the Mercer Family Foundation since 2008.65 Graham Readfearn. โClimate Science Deniers Defend New Yorkโs American Museum of Natural History From Calls to Drop Trustee Rebekah Mercer,โ DeSmog, February 6, 2018.
The letter reads:66 mnh18-feb4-petitionletter (PDF – Untitled). Retrieved from Watts Up With That.
โThe Earth has supported abundant life many times in the geological past when there were much higher levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. It is quite likely that future generations will benefit from the enrichment of Earthโs atmosphere with more carbon dioxide.
โMake no mistake, the agitators are not defending science from quackery โ quite the contrary!โ
July 25, 2017
Wilie Soon was listed as a contributor to Climate Change: The Facts 2017, released by the Institute for Public Affairs (IPA) and edited by Jennifer Marohasy. While investigating the authors, DeSmog noted that one of the IPA’s listed โleading expertsโ involved in the book is New Zealandโs Ken Ring, who in addition to being a described โlong range weather forecasterโ has written โtwo, possibly three, books about catsโ including Pawmistry: How to Read Your Catโs Paws in 1998.67 โDonate to Climate Change: The Facts 2017,โ Institute of Public Affairs. Archived October 31, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/KpLZh 68 Graham Readfearn. โAustralian Climate Denial Think Tank Picks Cat Author and Moonman Ken Ring as Climate Expert,โ DeSmog, April 9, 2017.
The book’s editor, Jennifer Marohasy, wrote in the IPA press release:69 โNEW BOOK – CLIMATE CHANGE: THE FACTS 2017โ (PDF), Institute of Public Affairs, July 25, 2017.
โHowever, our understanding of how the climate operates is incomplete and it is critically important to challenge the view that the planet is facing a global warming catastrophe.โ
According to the book’s description:70 โRegister your interest now and be the first to hear about the publication of Climate Change: The Facts 2017,โ Institute of Public Affairs. Archived April 10, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/kvAFK
โClimate Change: The Facts 2017 brings together contributions on the latest climate science from some of the worldโs leading experts in the field including John Abbot, Sallie Baliunas, Paul Driessen, Tony Heller, Craig Idso, Clive James, Pat Michaels, Jo Nova, Ian Plimer, Tom Quirk, Peter Ridd, Ken Ring, Nicola Scafetta, Willie Soon, Roy Spencer, and Anthony Watts.
There are also essays by Matt Ridley, and Bjรธrn Lomborg on the economics of climate change, and by Simon Breheny on how the freedom to discuss climate change science is under threat.โ
Prior versions of the book featured contributions from a range of prominent climate change deniers, and describes mainstream climate change research as โpseudo-science.โ71 โClimate Change: The facts 2014,โ Catallaxyfiles.com. Archived October 31, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/Trs4Y
April/May 2017
Soon is listed as a co-author of a paper in the Hydrological Sciences Journal on the โRe-calibration of Arctic sea ice extent datasets using Arctic surface air temperature records.โ Other authors listed were Ronan Connoly and Michael Connolly, with acknowledgement to Professor Genrikh Alekseev of the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute for sea ice estimates. The accepted paper was published online on April 29, 2017 and fuly published online May 22, 2017.72 Ronan Connolly, Michael Connolly & Willie Soon (2017). โRe-calibration of Arctic sea ice extent datasets using Arctic surface air temperature recordsโ (PDF), Hydrological Sciences Journal, DOI: 10.1080/02626667.2017.1324974
The paper concluded that โcurrent climate models are still quite poor at modelling past sea ice trendsโ after including a graph showing a decline in sea ice starting at the beginning of the โsatellite eraโ in 1979.73 Ronan Connolly, Michael Connolly & Willie Soon (2017). โRe-calibration of Arctic sea ice extent datasets using Arctic surface air temperature recordsโ (PDF), Hydrological Sciences Journal, DOI: 10.1080/02626667.2017.1324974
While the study by Soon and the other authors noted that they โagree with previous studies that have noted a general decrease in Arctic sea ice extent (for all four seasons) since the start of the satellite era (1979),โ they suggest that it followed a general increase in prior sea ice.74 Ronan Connolly, Michael Connolly & Willie Soon (2017). โRe-calibration of Arctic sea ice extent datasets using Arctic surface air temperature recordsโ (PDF), Hydrological Sciences Journal, DOI: 10.1080/02626667.2017.1324974
The Heartland Institute was quick to republish the paper, putting the initially submitted manuscript online as early as April 30, 2017, pointing to it as proof that โThe recent decline in Arctic sea ice is not unique.โ75 Willie Soon. โRE-CALIBRATION OF ARCTIC SEA ICE EXTENT DATASETS USING ARCTIC SURFACE AIR TEMPERATURE RECORDs,โ Heartland Institute, April 30, 2017. Archived May 27, 2017. View full PDF paper here. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/alxBc
In the disclosure statement section of the paper, it notes that โNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.โ76 Ronan Connolly, Michael Connolly & Willie Soon (2017). โRe-calibration of Arctic sea ice extent datasets using Arctic surface air temperature recordsโ (PDF), Hydrological Sciences Journal, DOI: 10.1080/02626667.2017.1324974
March 23, 2017
Soon was a member of the โClimate Scienceโ panel at the Heartland Institute‘s 12th International Conference on Climate Change (ICCC12). He also introduced Lunch Keynotes by Patrick Michaels and Rep. Lamar Smith (R-Texas).77 โWILLIE SOON,โ Climateconferences.heartland.org. Archived April 5, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/m8SZr
Panel 1B) Climate Science
February 23, 2017
Willie Soon was a signatory of a petition (PDF) organized by Richard Lindzen of the Cato Institute urging President Donald Trump to pull the United States out of the United Nations international convention on climate change (UNFCCC).78 โPETITIONโ (PDF), February 23, 2017. Richard Lindzen. PDF Archived at DeSmog.
โIn just a few weeks, more than 300 eminent scientists and other qualified individuals from around the world have signed the petition below,โ Lindzen wrote in the letter.79 โPETITIONโ (PDF), February 23, 2017. Richard Lindzen. PDF Archived at DeSmog.
DeSmog investigated the list, and found that only a small handful of the signatories could be considered โeven remotely โqualifiedโ or โeminentโ โ but not in the field of climate science.โ The list included individuals โinterested in climate,โ and one signatory who only identified as an โemailer who wished to sign the petitionโ while some signers provided no affiliation or address whatsoever.80 Graham Readfearn. โClimate Science Denier Richard Lindzen’s List of 300 โScientistsโ Sent to Trump Is the Usual Parade of Non-Experts,โ DeSmog, February 27, 2017.
January 5, 2017
Willie Soon was a signatory to a Cornwall Alliance open letter supporting Scott Pruitt for EPA Administrator under the Trump administration.81 โOpen Letter Supporting Scott Pruitt for EPA Administrator,โ Cornwall Alliance, January 5, 2017. Archived January 19, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/xMash
โMr. Pruitt has also demonstrated understanding of and open-mindedness toward scientific insights crucial to the formulation and implementation of environmental regulation. He is prepared to hear all sides in debates over the risks and benefits of various activities that come under the purview of the EPA,โ reads the letter.
On January 12, 2017, Senate Democrats raised conflict of interest concerns regarding Scott Prutt’s fossil fuel ties. Pruitt had spent years working to combat the Obama Administration’s Clean Power Plan.82 Ben Jervey. โMapping EPA Nominee Scott Pruitt’s Many Fossil Fuel Ties,โ DeSmog, January 13, 2017.
In an open letter to the Office of Government Ethics, members of the Senate’s environmental panel commented:
โDuring his tenure as Attorney General of Oklahoma, Mr. Pruitt has blurred the distinction between official and political actions, often at the behest of corporations he will regulate if confirmed to lead EPA,โ the letter said. โPublic reporting based on documents produced by Freedom of Information Act requests illustrate how Mr. Pruitt and members of his staff have worked closely with fossil fuel lobbyists to craft his office’s official positions.โ
Pruitt was further grilled on his fossil fuel ties at his confirmation hearing on January 18.83 Ben Jervey and Steve Horn. โEPA Nominee Scott Pruitt Gets Grilled on Fossil Fuel Ties at Confirmation Hearing,โ DeSmog, January 18, 2017.
Some notable signatories of the Cornwall Alliance letter, as of January 5, 2017, included:
- Tim Ball
- Charles G. Battig
- E. Calvin Beisner
- H. Sterling Burnett
- Kenneth Chilton
- Donn Dears
- John Droz
- James E. Enstrom
- Joseph Farah
- Steve Goreham
- Jay Grimstead
- William Happer
- Richard Land
- David Legates
- Richard S. Lindzen
- Anthony R. Lupo
- Rod D. Martin
- Anthony J. Sadar
- Willie Soon
- Roy W. Spencer
- David J. Theroux
- James A. Wanliss
- Anthony Watts
- Peter W. Wood
- Thomas H. Wysmuller
- Benjamin Zycher
December 8, 2016
Willie Soon was a speaker at the โAt the Crossroads III Energy and Climate Summit,โ an event co-hosted by the Heritage Foundation and the Texas Public Policy Foundation (TPPF). The event was billed as โthe premier energy-and-climate policy event in America,โ and attracted a range of prominent climate change deniers as well as a range of names connected to Donald Trump and his transition team. Video and choice quotes below.84 โAt the Crossroads III: Energy and Climate Policy Summit,โ Heritage Foundation, December 8, 2016. Archived December 22, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/AKaKq
โIโve been living under the dark cloud of censorship and intimidation as soon as I started my post-doc career at the Center for Astrophysics in 1992.โ [60:17]
Speaking of Greenpeace: โBut, as my mom taught me as a young kid, that you forgive all the bad people but then you never forget.โ [60:26]
Speaking of his 2003 paper: โActually, I didnโt really want to write this paper. But as a professional scientist, the phenomenon that happened in between, letโs say, 2001 to 2003 is highly strange. When you tried to publish a paper at those times, if you donโt cite those famous papers like the famous hockey stick paper properly, and you will actually be taken to task, rather seriously actually, or else your paper will be rejected. This is the kind of coercion that should not be allowed in open science. But unfortunately they prevailed, so I decided I had to do something about it and so I wrote a paper.โ[64:24]
โI have never said this in public, so Iโll say it for the first time: that ultimately, that version that published in Climate Research was a hoax. [โฆ] It is really as if I give a damn about having another paper in publication.โ [68:32]
โIโm sick and tired of this system of collusion and coercions.โ [69:13]
โAnd then, you know the real reason why they need some kind of attack on me? It was mainly because guys like thisโok, shall be nameless, you read it yourself [points to slide with images of David Halpern, NASA and Mark Eakin NOAA]โWho at that time was actually working for NOAA and NASA and was funding some of those guys like Michael Mann and all that on paleoclimate study was saying, look man, we need some kind of cogent reply, some kind of serious critical discussion so they could pass on to somebody in OSTP. OSTP, as I hope most of you know, right, Office of Science and Technology of the President. And to say that โoh, weโve got to have something going, letโs go and attack this Willie Soon.โ Really?โ [69:18]
Soon describes the โwall of shameโ as โTom Wigley, Phil Jones, so on and so forth. And then, the most important name I want you to remember is Ellen Mosley-Thompson.โ Soon’s presentation slide features Wigley, Jones, Hulme, Briffa, Hansen, Santer, Tenberth, Karl, Bradley, MacCracken, Ellen Mosley-Thompson (editor of Eos), and Pachauri, who he calls the โchoo choo train guy.โ [70:00]
Speaking on Mannโs rebuttal to his paper: โIt doesnโt matter. You see? They still published that with the result in there, because you know Michael Mann was able to presuade all of them, โjust give me your signature.โ Ok. This is how science works right. Because Wilie Soon is so bad that no matter what the cause is, even a giant bad result you should publish.โ [71:18]
โSteve McinTyre of Canada [โฆ] actually was able to find out you know, the AR5, which is one of those United Nations reports, was published in 2013, actually was able to confirm that we are kind of right, right? But then of course you must not let anybody know about this. Donโt ever cite Soon and Balliunas or Soon and Legates at all.โ [72:44]
โI want to remind you what climate actually is. What kind of expertise [you need to study it]. If you want to study climate just because of carbon dioxide, Iโm sorry, itโs still not enough to study only the atmosphere. Youโve got to know all of this bunch of stuff. This is part of the reason why the struggle for answer is so hard. We may never know the answer, but then weโve got to keep trying and follow the scientific method, please.โ [74:28]
โSince 2004, I just consciously do not want to get any more funding from the federal government so I stopped replying to NASA, NSF, and all those things. I quit. Put it that way. I rather seek all my funding from private sources, private donation, then by 2012, this particular reality sink in. In the sense I could no longer work on anything on sun and climate together, but I can work on the sun only. Ok. And this is the reality that sinks in. I fully accept that, but I want to tell you, if you want to study anything about climate, if you donโt study sun-climate, I donโt know, what am I supposed to study right?โ [75:15]
โI want to talk about this big bully in the National Academy of Science. In 2015, who are writing a small little note, correcting something that we think is not right. It doesnโt matter the contentโif you want to know, of course, ask me and David Legates, and Willis Eschenbach, one of the volunteers actually. He had no proper science title, but heโs a good scientist. So we work on this stuff and guess what happened? We claim, as you know, this is a free time work, of course this only take like only less than a day. So we wrote this letter, it got published. Then you have this editor-in-chief appear, NAS. Sending me some kind of warning. That, you know, but you didnโt tell the truth. You didnโt declare. Let me blow this up [magnifies slide]. Trying to put a yellow star on my jacket. Heโs trying to say, you know, weโre going to put this note in by saying you have not disclosed your conflict of interest. That you were funded by funding from Southern Company, for example. Things like that, okay.โ[76:00]
โI have never actually been able to have the opportunity to publicly thank my lawyer, which is Gordon Todd [โฆ] so this guy work for free for me, of course, obviouslyโI have no money, please. Thereโs no legal defense fund. So on and so forth. But then they fire back by saying โplease donโt do that.โ Because I have told them that this is a short time work, itโs just a letter, it was not funded by anything, it is a volunteer work. Call it a service to science, because I care about science. โ [77:27]
โEven [Michael] Mann and [Peter] Gleik have published in PNAS and they clearly have conflicts of interest in terms of the subject, in terms of the stuff that they are receiving money for doing what their work is. [โฆ] Peter Gleik is another guy that is such a disgraceful, disgraceful guy. โ [78:22]
โIn 2004, David Legates and I releazed thereโs something seriously wrong with Michael Mannโs Work, another aspect of it, which is the instrumental temperature record, how he smoothed the data. [โฆ] The sweetest thing about this climate gate is that there is proof that Michael Mann did that [โฆ] and we caught him with his pants down.โ [80:07]
โMy basic conclusion is very simple. That you have this dark cloud of censorship and intimidation [that] has really inundated the climate science for a long time now. And climate science as we know it has been dangerously corrupted by scientism, all these bullies of censorship including the scientists, the scientific institution, even the funding agencyโcontinue to hijack science with their own gain. So they must be stopped. I hope we can stop of course. Hopefully, with a political win, which is shown that depends on politics, that we can do something about this.โ[82:12]
Doug Domenech, director of the Texas Public Policy Foundation’s โFueling Freedomโ project, wrote about the proceedings at The Hill. Domenech outlined the common climate change denial message shared among the speakers: โIs climate change real? Yes, it has happened in the past and will happen in the future. Is man making an impact on the climate? Perhaps but in very small ways. But the overarching consensus remains the climate change we are experiencing is by no means catastrophic.โ85 Doug Domenech. โClimate change: Speaking truth to power,โ The Hill, December 13, 2016. Archived December 21, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/zAEH5
Speakers included:
- Brooke Rollins
- Becky Norton Dunlop
- Mike Lee
- Lamar Smith
- Pete Olson
- Gary Palmer
- James Inhofe
- Kathleen Hartnett White
- Stephen Moore
- Bud Brigham
- David Kreutzer
- Patrick J. Michaels
- Mark P. Mills
- Horace Cooper
- Patrick Forkin
- Allen Gilmer
- Dan Byers
- Nicolas Loris
- Richard Lindzen
- Willie Soon
- Andrew M. Grossman
- William Happer
- Craig Idso
- Roy Spencer
- Patrick J. Michaels
- Brooke Rollins
- Becky Norton Dunlop
- David Legates
- James Taylor
December 3, 2016
Willie Soon is listed as a speaker at Freedom Force International’s โ3rd Congressโ event titled โGlobal-Warming; an Inconvenient Lie.โ Freedom Force describes the event as โa gathering of the worldโs top experts on this subject who will put an end, once-and-for-all, to the myth of anthropogenic (man-caused) global-warming.โ86 โThe 3rd Congress of Freedom Force,โ Freedom Force International. Archived December 2, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/xuWxA
Soon’s speech is titled โMan vs. Sun; Put Your Money on the Sun.โ The complete speaker list is below:87 โThe 3rd Congress of Freedom Force,โ Freedom Force International. Archived December 2, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/xuWxA
- Lord Christopher Monckton โ Global Warming Is A Monstrous Hoax
- William Happer โ The Real Inconvenient Truth; More CO2 Benefits the Earth
- Tim Ball โ Global Warming Is the Biggest Deception in History
- G. Edward Griffin โ Why Do They Deceive?
- Holly Swanson โ They Call It Education; Global Warming and Political Indoctrination
- Dan Happel โ They Call It Green; Global Warming and Agenda-21
- Patrick Wood โ They Call it Science; Global Warming and Technocracy
- Alex Newman โ They Call It News; Global Warming and Propaganda
- Debbie Bacigalupi โ They Call It Smart Growth: Global Warming and The Depopulation of Rural America
- Elaine Willman โ Native Americans โ Pawns in the Agenda-21 game
- Jim Lee โ Geoengineering, Weather Modification, and the Weaponization of Nature
- Michael Shaw โ Agenda-21; Bringing the Soviet System to America
- Willie Soon โ Man vs. Sun; Put Your Money on the Sun
- Istvan Marko โ CO2 Is Not Pollution. It is Our Friend.
August 2016
Willie Soon is listed as a โFounding Memberโ of group named Climate Exit (Clexit) led by climate change denier Christopher Monckton. According to Clexit’s founding statement (PDF), โThe world must abandon this suicidal Global Warming crusade. Man does not and cannot control the climate.โ88 โThe Clexit Committee comprisesโ (PDF), Clexit.net. Archived.pdf on file at Desmog. 89 โAfter Brexit, Clexitโ (PDF), Clexit.net. Archived .pdf on file at Desmog.
Desmog reports on how the group grew in the wake of the UK’s decision to leave the EU. A key member of Clexit’s โ60 well-informed science, business and economic leadersโ is Hugh Morgan, a former board member of the Reserve Bank of Australia and former CEO of Western Mining Corporation with close ties to Australia’s Liberal party.90 Graham Readfearn. โAfter Brexit, Climate Science Denialists Form New Group to Call for a Clexit,โ Desmog, August 3, 2016. 91 โHugh Morgan AO,โ Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Archived February 22, 2002. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/1ObOB
According to Clexit’s founding statement:
โIf the Paris climate accord is ratified, or enforced locally by compliant governments, it will strangle the leading economies of the world with pointless carbon taxes and costly climate and energy policies, all with no sound basis in evidence or science [โฆ]โ92 โAfter Brexit, Clexitโ (PDF), Clexit.net. Archived .pdf on file at Desmog.
July 8โ10, 2016
Willie Soon was a speaker at 34th Annual Meeting of Doctors for Disaster Preparedness, co-sponsored by Access to Energy, the Oregon Institute of Science and Medicine, and Physicians for Civil Defense.93 โDDP 34th Annual Meeting โ July 2016,โ Doctors for Disaster Preparedness. Archived July 22, 2016. Backup archive url: http://archive.is/oRn3j
Willie Soon’s talk was titled on โBeethovenโs Ice Cream, Tolstoyโs Fire, Happerโs Picosecond Pedestalโand Climateโ (video below):
DDP listed the following speakers at their event:94 โDDP 34th Annual Meeting โ July 2016,โ Doctors for Disaster Preparedness. Archived July 22, 2016. Backup archive url: http://archive.is/oRn3j
- Jane Orient
- Willie Soon
- David Legates
- Mohan Doss
- Arthur Levy
- Geoffrey L. Shapiro
- Steven Hatfill
- S. Fred Singer
- Tony Heller (AKA Steven Goddard)
- Patrick Frank
- Joe Leimkuhler
- Donald W. Miller
- Howard Hayden
- Yuri Maltsev
- Stephen Jones
- Matthew Robinson
- Arthur Robinson
June 13, 2016
Willie Soon was among individuals listed as creditors in Peabody Energy’s 2016 bankruptcy filings, reports the Center for Media and Democracy (CMD/PRWatch).95 Nick Surgey. โPeabody Coal Bankruptcy Reveals Climate Denial Network Funding,โ PRWatch, June 13, 2016. Archived June 20, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/DR5pv
While the available bankruptcy documents do not list the scale or dates of funding, they outline Peabody Energy’s financial ties to a large network of groups promoting climate change denial.96 โIn re: Peabody Energy Corporation, et al. Debtors,โ United States Bankruptcy Court Eastern District of Missouri Eastern Division, Case 16-42529, May 27, 2016. Retrieved from DocumentCloud. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/QGKCb
Prominent individuals appearing in the documents include climate deniers Richard Lindzen, Roy Spencer and Richard Berman. The long list of organizations also includes groups such as Americans for Prosperity, American Legislative Exchange Council, CFACT, Institute for Energy Research, State Policy Network, the U.S. Chamber of Commerce and dozens more.97 Farron Cousins. โCourt Documents Show Coal Giant Peabody Energy Funded Dozens Of Climate Denial Groups,โ DeSmog, June 13, 2016.
The Guardian also analysed and reported on the Peabody bankruptcy findings:98 Suzanne Goldenberg and Helena Bengtsson. โBiggest US coal company funded dozens of groups questioning climate change,โ The Guardian, June 13, 2016. Archived June 20, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/Oibzy
โThese groups collectively are the heart and soul of climate denial,โ said Kert Davies, founder of the Climate Investigation Center, who has spent 20 years tracking funding for climate denial. โItโs the broadest list I have seen of one company funding so many nodes in the denial machine.โ
The companyโs filings reveal funding for a range of organisations which have fought Barack Obamaโs plans to cut greenhouse gas emissions, and denied the very existence of climate change. [โฆ]
Among Peabodyโs beneficiaries, the Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change has insisted โ wrongly โ that carbon emissions are not a threat but โthe elixir of lifeโ while the American Legislative Exchange Council is trying to overturn Environmental Protection Agency rules cutting emissions from power plants. Meanwhile, Americans for Prosperity campaigns against carbon pricing. The Oklahoma chapter was on the list. [โฆ]
โThe breadth of the groups with financial ties to Peabody is extraordinary. Thinktanks, litigation groups, climate scientists, political organisations, dozens of organisations blocking action on climate all receiving funding from the coal industry,โ said Nick Surgey, director of research for the Center for Media and Democracy.
โWe expected to see some denial money, but it looks like Peabody is the treasury for a very substantial part of the climate denial movement.โ
Notable organizations also listed as creditors in the bankruptcy documents include:
- 60 Plus Association
- The American Coalition for Clean Coal Electricity
- American Energy Alliance
- Alliance For Energy And Economic Growth
- American Energy Alliance
- American Legislative Exchange Council
- Americans For Prosperity Oklahoma
- Atlas Economic Research Foundation
- Berman And Company, Inc
- Consumer Energy Alliance
- Center For Clean Air Policy
- Center for Energy and Economic Development
- Center For The Study Of Carbon Dioxide And Global Change
- Coalition for Responsible Regulation
- Committee For A Constructive Tomorrow
- Council on State Taxation
- DCI Group AZ, LLC
- Ducks Unlimited
- Energy & Environment Legal Institute
- Edison Electric Institute
- Franklin Center for Government and Public Integrity
- Free Market Environmental Law Clinic
- Frontiers Of Freedom Institute
- George C. Marshall Institute
- Hill Knowlton Strategies
- Hill Knowlton, Inc
- Hudson Institute
- Hunton & Williams
- Independence Institute
- Institute For Energy Research
- Institute for Liberty
- National Association of Manufacturers
- National Black Chamber of Commerce
- National Conference of State Legislatures
- National Mining Association
- National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners
- National Rural Electric Cooperative Association
- NextGen Energy Council
- PACE (May refer to Partnership for Affordable Clean Energy)
- Science & Public Policy Institute
- Sidley Austin LLP
- State Policy Network
- Texas Conservative Coalition Research Institute
- Texas Public Policy Foundation
- U.S. Chamber of Commerce
- Western Business Roundtable
April 5, 2016
Despite a new transparency policy by the Smithsonian Institution, Willie Soon obtained $65,000 in โdark moneyโ to fund an undisclosed research project, reports InsideClimate News. Soon obtained the grant form Donors Trust (DT).99 โSmithsonian Gives Nod to More ‘Dark Money’ Funding for Willie Soon,โ InsideClimate News, April 5, 2016. Archived August 19, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/CHxiU
The Smithsonian’s new policy requires researchers to disclose the sources of their funding. Smithsonian officials said the Donors Trust disclosure was sufficient to satisfy its new policy.100 โSmithsonian Gives Nod to More ‘Dark Money’ Funding for Willie Soon,โ InsideClimate News, April 5, 2016. Archived August 19, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/CHxiU
โIt is as transparent as we can be,โ said John Gibbons, the Smithsonian spokesman. โWhat we ask is: ‘Is the money coming from a legal entity?’โ he said. โThat’s as far as we can look into it.โ101 โSmithsonian Gives Nod to More ‘Dark Money’ Funding for Willie Soon,โ InsideClimate News, April 5, 2016. Archived August 19, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/CHxiU
December 7, 2015
Willie Soon appeared at the United Nationโs Conference on Climate Change, COP21, in Paris, France with the Heartland Institute, the Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow (CFACT), and the Competitive Enterprise Institute (CEI) to โhold a โcounter-conferenceโ โฆ called the Day of Examining the Data.โ102 โPARIS COP-21: Day of Examining the Data with The Heartland Institute, CFACT, and CEI,โ Heartland Institute, December 7, 2015. Other notable climate science deniers that were in attendance at the โcounter-conference,โ included: Robert Carter, S. Fred Singer, Christopher Essex, James Taylor, Patrick Moore, Wolfgang Mรผller, James Inhofe, and Christopher Monckton.103 โBringing Climate Realism to Paris at COP-21,โ Heartland Institute, December 7, 2015. Archived February 10, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/NIkCy
Watch Willie Soon’s โcounter-conferenceโ presentation with the Heartland Institute, below (Willie Soon’s presentation begins at 2:01:35):
June 11-12, 2015
Willie Soon was a speaker on Panel 1: โClimate Science,โ at the Heartland Instituteโs Tenth International Conference on Climate Change (ICCC10) in Washington, D.C., with Patrick Michaels and David Legates.104 โSpeakers,โ Heartland Institute. Archived June 30, 2015. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/lpiqu
View Willie Soonโs Panel 1 presentation at the Heartland Instituteโs ICCC10, below:105 โPanel 1: Climate Science with Willie Soon, Ph.D., David Legates, Ph.D., and Patrick Michaels, Ph.D.,โ Heartland Institute, June 11, 2015. Archived July 16, 2015.
June 2015
Willie Soon weighted in on Pope Francis’s encyclical on the environment in an article at Breitbart titled โGas of Life: Pope Encyclical on Climate Change Ignores Science on Carbon Dioxide.โ
According to Soon, โAny attempt to stop the use of available fossil fuels for life and all human activities will cause far more harm and lead to more deaths than the theological belief in future catastrophic disasters endorsed by the encyclical.โ
โ[โฆ] The worldโs weather and climate will not be adversely affected by the prudent and appropriate use of fossil fuels to enhancing everyoneโs lives. The release of the carbon dioxide gas to the atmosphere is a necessary result of life on Earth โ carbon dioxide is a gas of life. Additional carbon dioxide in the air will enhance all forms of biological activity and life overall. The relative greening of the Earth for the past several decades is one positive example.โ106 Dr. Wei-Hock Soon. โGas of Life: Pope Encyclical on Climate Change Ignores Science on Carbon Dioxide.โ Breitbart. June 19, 2015. Archived July 3, 2015. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/XYShy
March 2015
Willie Soon is one of several climate change skeptics cc’d on an email from S. Fred Singer in hopes of countering the documentary film โMerchants of Doubt,โ which exposes the network of climate change skeptics and deniers trying to delay legislative action on climate change.
The October, 2014 email was leaked to journalists before the documentary was released. โCan I sue for damages?โ Singer asked in the email. โCan we get an injunction against the documentary?โ
InsideClimate News reports in their article โLeaked Email Reveals Who’s Who List of Climate Denialists,โ how โMany of those copied on the email thread, such as Singer and communications specialist Steven Milloy, have financial ties to the tobacco, chemical, and oil and gas industries and have worked to defend them since the 1990s.โ107 Katherine Bagley. โLeaked Email Reveals Who’s Who List of Climate Denialists,โ InsideClimate News. March 12, 2015. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/CVOi5
InsideClimate News also documented all those who were cc’d on the email, including the following skeptics and groups:
- Ron Arnold
- Timothy Ball
- Joseph โJoeโ Bast
- Joe Bastardi
- Michael Bastasch
- William Briggs
- Russell Cook
- Judith Curry
- Joe D’Aleo
- James Delingpole
- David Paul Driessen
- James Enstrom
- Steve Goddard
- Pierre Gosselin
- Greenie Watch
- William Happer
- Jim Lakely
- Patrick J. Michaels
- Steven J. Milloy
- Christopher Monckton
- Marc Morano
- Joanne Nova
- Roger Pielke Sr. (Or Roger Pielke Jr. – Unclear in Email)
- Thomas P. Sheahen
- S. Fred Singer
- Wei-Hock (Willie) Soon
- Roy Spencer
- James Taylor
- Anthony Watts
DeSmog covered the emails here: โMerchants of Doubt Film Debuts, Textbook Denial Attack Campaign Led By Fred Singer Ensuesโ and DeSmog also archived a full copy of the Singer email thread (PDF).
March 2, 2015
Willie Soon released a statement via the Heartland Instituteโs website following a complaint from the Climate Investigations Center that Soon โfailed to disclose financial conflicts of interest in a newly released paper,โ which he co-wrote with Christopher Monckton, David R. Legates, and William M. Briggs.108 โClimate change skeptic accused of violating disclosure rules,โ The Boston Globe, January 26, 2015. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/1liME 109 Willie Soon. โStatement by Dr. Willie Soon,โ Heartland Institute, March 2, 2015.
In his official statement, Soon wrote that he has โbeen the target of attacks in the press by various radical environmental and politically motivated groupsโ and that the โeffort should be seen for what it is: a shameless attempt to silence my scientific research and writings, and to make an example out of me as a warning to any other researcher who may dare question in the slightest their fervently held orthodoxy of anthropogenic global warming.โ110 Willie Soon. โStatement by Dr. Willie Soon,โ Heartland Institute, March 2, 2015.
Soon states that he has โnever been motivated by financial gain to write any scientific paper, nor [has he] ever hidden grants or any other alleged conflict of interest.โ A DeSmog report, using data compiled by the Climate Investigations Center, found that Soon has โsolicited more than $1.5 million since 2001 from fossil fuel companies and conservative foundations.โ111 โWas Climate Science Denialist Willie Soon Funded To Do Science Or Was It Just PR Cash From The Fossil Fuel Industry?,โ DeSmog, March 1, 2015.
February 2015
As reported at InsideClimate News, emails and related documents regarding Willie Soon’s funding were obtained by Greenpeace through a Freedom of Information Act Request. Communications show that Soon had called a number of his research papers โdelieverablesโ and had received funding in return from fossil fuel companies.112 David Hasemyer. โDocuments Reveal Fossil Fuel Fingerprints on Contrarian Climate Research,โ InsideClimate News, February 21, 2015. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/5TTsv
InsideClimate News details โ11 times Willie Soon failed to Disclose Fossil Fuel Fundingโ, with the primary contributor being Southern Company, which generates power for nine states (largely from coal). The studies in question are summarized below, as reported on at Inside Climate News:113 Lisa Song. โA Guide To Willie Soon’s Climate Research Funded by Fossil Fuel Companies,โ InsideClimate News, February 23, 2015. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/YOHqz
Topic | Journal | Date | Additional Funders |
Response to a critique of a 2007 paper co-authored by soon on polar bears and climate change | Ecological Complexity1 | July, 2008 | Southern Company |
Modeling changes in rainfall patterns from monsoons | Journal of Climate1 | Sept. 2008 | Southern Company |
Review of government reports on polar bear populations | Interfaces1 | Sept. – Oct. 2008 | Southern Company |
How changes in sun’s intensity explain the Artic’s changing climate | Physical Geography1 | March, 2009 | Southern Company |
Cycles of 20 active stars | Astronomy & Astrophysics1 | May, 2009 | Southern Company |
Validity of the United Nations’ climate change studies | International Journal of Forecasting1 | Oct.-Dec 2009 | Southern Company |
How policymakers should consider potential climate change regulations | Ecological Law Currents2 | 2010 | Southern Company |
Surface air temperatures in China during the 20th century | Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics2,3,4 | Aug. 2011 | Southern Company |
India’s summer monsoons and solar activity | Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 2,3,4 | Aug. 2011 | Southern Company |
Air temperatures and Solar Activity | Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics4 | Feb. 2013 | Southern Company |
How India’s summer monsoons are affected by the sun | New Astronomy4,5 | Feb. 2015 | Southern Company |
- Deliverable Listed in Soon’s Jan 2009 report for Southern Company
- Deliverable Listed in Soon’s May 2011 report for Southern Company
- Deliverable Listed in Soon’s Jan 2012 report for Donors Trust, Inc.
- Deliverable Listed in Soon’s Nov 2012 report for Southern Company
- Soon’s 2012 report to Southern Company said study had been submitted to Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics
The documents were made public by Greenpeace on February 21. Greenpeace suggests that Soon โmay have violated several scientific journalsโ ethical guidelines by failing to disclose these conflicts of interest.โ114 โNew documents reveal Koch, Exxon, Southern Company influence behind climate change denier scientist Dr. Willie Soon called his research and congressional testimony ‘deliverables’ to corporate funders, may have violated IRS rules and scientific journalsโ ethical guidelines,โ Greenpeace (Media Release), February 23, 2015. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/Lac4S
As of April, 2015, after supplying Soon with nearly $470,000 for research, Southern Company decided it will no longer fund Soon’s work.115 David Hasemyer. โUtility Giant Cuts Ties With Willie Soon,โ InsideClimate News, April 7, 2015. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/wDh9z
In an interview with InsideClimate News, Stephen Smith, executive director of Southern Alliance for Clean Energy, said a Southern Company executive told him the company did not want to be associated with Soon’s research any longer:
โThey claim they do not want to influence the [climate change] science,โ Smith said. โWhat I was hearing is that they should not be seen as having a corporate policy on this kind of thing.โ116 David Hasemyer. โUtility Giant Cuts Ties With Willie Soon,โ InsideClimate News, April 7, 2015. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/wDh9z
January 26, 2015
Willie Soon failed to disclose financial conflicts of interest in a newly released paper, according to a complaint from a climate watchdog group the Climate Investigations Center as reported by The Boston Globe in their January 26, 2015 article, โClimate change skeptic accused of violating disclosure rules.โ117 โClimate change skeptic accused of violating disclosure rules,โ The Boston Globe, January 26, 2015. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/1liME Soon, โwho has relied on grants from fossil-fuel energy interests,โ co-wrote the paper with Christopher Monckton, David R. Legates, and William M. Briggs.118 โClimate change skeptic accused of violating disclosure rules,โ The Boston Globe, January 26, 2015. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/1liME
The end of the paper, under the โConflict of interestโ header, stated โThe authors declare that they have no conflict.โ119 โClimate change skeptic accused of violating disclosure rules,โ The Boston Globe, January 26, 2015. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/1liME Kert Davies, the executive director of the Climate Investigations Center, disagreed, saying โSoonโs long track record of accepting energy-industry related grants indicates otherwise and might constitute a violation of Science Bulletinโs disclosure policy.โ120 โClimate change skeptic accused of violating disclosure rules,โ The Boston Globe, January 26, 2015. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/1liME Science Bulletin, the Chinese Journal that published the study, โimposes a strict conflict of interest policy on authors, obligating contributors to disclose any received funding, financial interests, honors, or speaking engagements that might affect their work.โ121 โClimate change skeptic accused of violating disclosure rules,โ The Boston Globe, January 26, 2015. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/1liME
December 2014
Willie Soon is a contributor to the book Climate Change: The Facts published by the Institute of Public Affairs and featuring โ22 essays on the science, politics and economics of the climate change debate.โ The Institute of Public Affairs, while not revealing most of its funders, is known to have received funding from mining magnate Gina Rinehart and at least one major tobacco company.122 โInstitute of Public Affairs,โ SourceWatch. Accessed May 27, 2015. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/WWdgR
The book includes essays and articles from a range of climate change skeptics, with contributors including the following:
- Alan Moran
- Andrew Bolt
- Anthony Watts
- Bernard Lewin
- Christopher Essex
- Donna Laframboise
- Garth W. Paltridge
- Ian Plimer
- J. Scott Armstrong
- James Delingpole
- Jennifer Marohasy
- Joanne Nova
- John Abbot
- Kesten Green
- Mark Steyn
- Nigel Lawson
- Patrick J. Michaels
- Richard S. Lindzen
- Robert M. Carter
- Ross McKitrick
- Rupert Darwall
- Stewart Franks
- Willie Soon
November 5, 2014
The Heartland Institute‘s โenvironmental science and policy expertsโ published comments following the release of the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC) โSynthesis Report,โ completing the IPCC’s Fifth Assessment Report (AR5).123 โHeartland Institute Experts Comment on Latest United Nations Climate Report,โ Heartland Institute, November 5, 2014. Archived November 11, 2014. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/CBLqi
Willie Soon asked in his comment if the โUnited Nations IPCC people [were] really serious about alarming the world, yet again, that we will all die if we do not stop emitting CO2 immediately,โ and wrote the IPCC is โnot entitled to their own facts, no matter how many times they continue to cry wolf about our common future โฆ Our wonderful planet is not IPCC’s private casino parlor.โ124 โHeartland Institute Experts Comment on Latest United Nations Climate Report,โ Heartland Institute, November 5, 2014. Archived November 11, 2014. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/CBLqi
September 18, 2014
Willie Soon and Christopher Monckton co-author an opinion piece in The Washington Times titled, โBoycotting the U.N. climate summit; Awareness grows that faulty science would keep millions in the dark.โ
Soon and Monckton state Narendra Modi, India’s Prime Minister, โis right to have no more to do with such murderous nonsense. It is time to put an end to climate summits,โ also noting the President of China and the Chancellor of Germany โlikewise intend to skip the eventโ:125 Willie Soon and Christopher Monckton. โBoycotting the U.N. climate summit; Awareness grows that faulty science would keep millions in the dark,โ The Washington Times, September 18, 2014. Archived September 23, 2014. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/PqqCY
โThe spiritual yet down-to-earth Mr. Modi knows that 300 million Indians still have no electricity. His priority is to turn on the lights all over India. In Bihar, four homes in five are still lit by kerosene โฆ The worldโs governing elites, however, no longer care about poverty. Climate change is their new focus.โ126 Willie Soon and Christopher Monckton. โBoycotting the U.N. climate summit; Awareness grows that faulty science would keep millions in the dark,โ The Washington Times, September 18, 2014. Archived September 23, 2014. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/PqqCY
July 7โ9, 2014
Willie Soon was a speaker at the Heartland Instituteโs Ninth International Conference on Climate Change (ICCC9) in Las Vegas, Nevada.127 โReturn of Climate Denial-a-Palooza: Heartland Institute Hitches Anti-Science Wagon to Vegas FreedomFest,โ DeSmog, July 7, 2014. Archived July 14, 2014. Soon participated in two panels, Panel 4, โNIPCC VS IPCC: Physical Scienceโ with Craig Idso and S. Fred Singer, and Panel 7, โSolar Science and Climate.โ with Jay H. Lehr and Sebastian Lรผning.128 Heartland Institue. โInternational Conference on Climate Change, Schedule.โ Archived November 22, 2017. Videos of both can be viewed below. DeSmog has done in-depth research on the other speakers and sponsors from Heartland’s ICCC9, which can be found here.
November 5, 2013
Willie Soon gave a Powerpoint presentation at a scholarly conference in Houston, Texas, on behalf of the Harvard Smithsonian Center, continuing to sow the seeds of doubt on man-made climate change. Soon, having collected over $1.2 million over the last dozen years in research funding from ExxonMobil, Southern Company, and the American Petroleum Institute, states that, โNo amount of money can influence what I have to say and write, especially on my scientific quest to understand how climate works, all by itself.โ129 โResearcher helps sow climate-change doubt,โ The Boston Globe, November 5, 2013. Archived August 19, 2016.
September 23, 2013
Willie Soon asked about his fossil fuel funded research at a Heritage Foundation event130 โBoston Globe Exposes Climate Denier Willie Soon,โ Greenpeace, November 5, 2013.:
September 18, 2013
Dr. Soon appeared with Joseph Bast, of the Heartland Institute, on the Fox News Channel’s โSpecial Report with Bret Baierโ to discuss Heartland’s release of Climate Change Resonsidered II: Physical Science.131 โJoe Bast, Willie Soon talking ‘Climate Change Reconsidered’ on Fox News,โ The Heartland Institute, September 19, 2013. Archived August 19, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/gw0g7
MarchโApril, 2013
Collegians for a Constructive Tomorrow (CFACT Campus) is bringing โHarvard Astrophysicistโ Willie Soon to college campuses throughout the Midwest US. While many publications have suggested otherwise, Willie Soon is not actually employed by Harvard University, but rather the Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (separate from the Harvard campus and not officially affiliated with the university).
On April 2, during his lecture in Madison, Soon became defensive after receiving the following question regarding his funding by fossil fuel interests:132 โExxon- and Koch-funded scientist Willie Soon confronted at University of Wisconsin over discredited climate research,โ Polluterwatch, April 8, 2013. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/eefAF
โYou have received over one million dollars in funds from coal and oil interests. The last grant you received from a funder with no ties to the energy industry was in 2002. That’s over a decade ago. So Dr. Soon, why should we trust someone without credentials in climate science whose work is only funded by coal and oil interests?โ
View his response below:
Video highlights:
- 00:41-1:43 โ โI have received funding from [the] Federal Government, but I stopped receiving. I have [not received a] penny of money from the government since 2004 or so. And I have been receiving money from whoever that wants to give me money. [โฆ] I have received money from ExxonMobil, but ExxonMobil will no longer give me any money for a long time. American Petroleum Institute, anything you wish for, from Southern Company, from all these companies. [โฆ] If they choose to fund me, I’m happy to receive it.โ
- 01:48-02:18 โ โI don’t like to claim that I am an expert on anything, but I have enough knowledge about climate science and climate system to be able to write scientific papers and go to meetings and talk about monsoon systems and talk about any other things that you want to discuss about climate science issues. I’m as qualified as anybody that you know on this planet on this topic.โ
- 02:24-02:33 โ โI do not want to take any more questions of this kind, unless you have a science question.โ
- 02:31.5-02:57 โ โThe answer could be answered yourself if you had a bit of intelligence. I was trying to conspire to bring down IPCC, right, yes? Is that what you’re trying to imply? So be it. Let it be known that I do not like IPCC, because IPCC does not stand for science, it is corrupting science. period.โ
- 5:14 โ โI really want to thank her, because she’s receiving the electricity used for her house, she’s driving cars, she’s doing all of these things because you are funding me. It’s not an oil or coal company. They are a company that provides a service to humanityโto people who want to use electricity.โ
May 21โ23, 2012
Willie Soon was a speaker at the Heartland Institute‘s 7th International Conference on Climate Change (ICCC7) in Chicago, Illinois. His Speech, titled โAlmighty CO2, Giant Boa Snake and the Sunโ can be viewed below.133 Soon, Willy. โAlmighty CO2, Giant Boa Snake and The Sun,โ Youtube.com July 22, 2014.
DeSmog researched the co-sponsors behind Heartland’s ICCC7 and found that they had collectively received over $67 million from ExxonMobil, the Koch Brothers and the conservative Scaife family foundations.
June 30โJuly 1, 2011
Willie Soon was a speaker at the Heartland Institute‘s Sixth International Conference on Climate Change (ICCC6) in Washington, D.C.134 Heartland Institute. โThe Sixth International Conference on Climate Change, Program.โ (PDF) Archived November 22, 2017. His speech, titled โA Circum-Global View on Sun-Climate Connectionโ can be viewed below.135 Soon, Willy. โA Circum-Global View on Sun-Climate Connection,โ Youtube.com July 26, 2013.DeSmog conducted in-depth research on the sponsors for the event.
May 17, 2010
Willie Soon was a speaker at the Heartland Institute‘s 4th International Conference on Climate Change (ICCC4) in Chicago, Illinois.136 Heartland Institute. โ4th International Conference on Climate Change,โ (PDF) Archived November 22, 2017. His speech, titled โThe Sun, The Moon And The CO2 Monsterโ can be viewed below.137 Soon, Willy. โThe Sun, The Moon and the Milky Way Monster,โ Youtube.com July 26, 2013.
June 2009
Willie Soon was a speaker (PDF) at the Heartland Institute‘s 3rd International Conference on Climate Change (ICCC3).138 โ4th International Conference on Climate Changeโ (PDF), The Heartland Institute. Retrieved February 17, 2012, from the homepage of Laurence I. Gould, hosted on the University of Hartford’s web server. His speech, titled โGlobal Warming 101: Why CO2 Is Not A Climate Driverโ can be viewed below.139 Soon, Willy. โโGlobal Warming 101: Why CO2 Is Not A Climate Driver,โ Youtube.com July 2, 2013.
March 8-10, 2009
Soon was a speaker at the Heartland Institute‘s 2nd International Conference on Climate Change (ICCC2) in New York.140 โWillie Soon,โ SourceWatch Profile. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/oRmQP 141 โ2009 International Conference on Climate Change,โ The Heartland Institute, February 1, 2009. Republished by Instituto Liberdade. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/AVBHL His speech, titled โDisconnects in Sun-Climate Studies: Removing Politics From the Scienceโ can be viewed below.142 Soon, Willy. โDisconnects in Sun-Climate Studies: Removing Politics From The Science,โ Youtube.com July 5, 2013.
July 13, 2008
Spoke at the 26th Annual Meeting of Doctors for Disaster Preparedness, a conference in Tucson Arizona co-sponsored by Access to Energy, Oregon Institute of Science and Medicine and Physicians for Civil Defense.
His speech was titled โEndangering the Polar Bear: How Environmentalists Kill.โ143 โWillie Soon,โ SourceWatch Profile. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/oRmQP
March 2โ4, 2008
Willie Soon was a speaker at the Heartland Institute‘s 1st International Conference on Climate Change (ICCC1) in New York City.144 โWillie Soon,โ SourceWatch Profile. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/oRmQP His speech, titled โAn Overview of Global Warming Scienceโ can be viewed below.145 Soon, Willy. โAn Overview of Global Warming Science,โ Youtube.com.
March 2007
Willie Soon co-authored a โviewpointโ article published in the journal Ecological Complexity (Vol. 4, Issue 3, pp. 73-84) announcing that global warming was not threatening polar bear populations. Other authors included climate change skeptics Sallie Baliunas, David Legates and Tim Ball.
July 29, 2003
Testified (PDF) before the U.S. Committee on Environment and Public Works on the subject of climate change.146 โClimate History and the Science Underlying Fate, Transport, and Health Effects of Mercury Emissions,โ Summary (PDF) of Hearing Before the Committee on Environment and Public Works, July 29, 2003. Page 6.
January 31, 2003
Soon co-published a controversial review article titled โProxy climatic and environmental changes of the past 1000 yearsโ (Climate Research, 2003) with Sallie Baliunas. The article claims that the twentieth century was not the warmest century in the past 1,000 years and that the climate has not changed significantly during this time.
After the article was published, three of the editors of Climate Research resigned in protest, including incoming editor-in-chief Hans von Storch. Storch declared the article was seriously flawed because โthe conclusions [were] not supported by the evidence presented in the paper.โ In addition to the resignations, thirteen of the scientists cited in the paper published rebuttals stating that Soon and Baliunas had misinterpreted their work.147 โStorm Brews Over Global Warming,โ Chronicle of Higher Education, September 5, 2003. Retrieved from www.cfa.harvard.edu.
According to the Union of Concerned Scientists’ 2007 report, โSmoke, Mirrors, and Hot Air,โ the National Research Council recently published research concluding that the โglobal mean surface temperature was higher during the last few decades of the 20th century than during any comparable period in the preceding four centuries.โ148 โSmoke, Mirrors f& Hot Airโ (PDF), Union of Concerned Scientists, January 2007. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
Affiliations
- Greening Earth Society โ Scientific Advisor. 149 โScientific Advisors,โ The Greening Earth Society. Archived February 20, 1999. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/sN3tY
- The Fraser Institute โ Author.150 โAuthor Details: Willie Soon,โ The Fraser Institute. Archived April 11, 2009. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/KwUp1
- Science and Public Policy Institute (SPPI) โ Former Chief Science Advisor (2010).151 โPersonnel,โ The Science and Public Policy Institute. Archived June 15, 2010. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/BYgIs
- George C. Marshall Institute โ Former Senior Scientist.152 โAbout the Authors,โ P. 29 of โLessons & Limits of Climate History: Was the 20th Century Climate Unusual?โ (PDF), The George C. Marshall Institute, 2003. Archived October 12, 2012. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- The Heartland Institute โ Writer/contributor, and โExpert.โ153 โHeartland Experts: Willie Soon,โ Archived March 5, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/a6gyA
- Tech Central Station (TCS) โ Author.154 โTCS Daily: Authors: Willie Soon,โ TCS Daily. Archived April 9, 2009. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/nUVLg
- World Climate Report (WCR) โ Past contributor.155 โEditors and Contributors,โ World Climate Report. Archived July 3, 2003. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/AJAXW
- Center for Science and Public Policy โ โChief Science Researcher.โ156 โCASE STUDY: Dr. Willie Soon, a Career Fueled by Big Oil and Coal,โ Greenpeace. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/R5oai
- Climate Exit (Clexit) โ โFounding Member.โ157 โThe Clexit Committee comprisesโ (PDF), Clexit.net. Archived.pdf on file at Desmog.
- The European Science and Environment Forum (ESEF) โ โAcademic Memberโ as of March, 1998. ESEF is now defunct.158 Robert Nilsson. โEnvironmental Tobacco Smoke Revisited: The reliability of the evidence for risk of lung cancer and cardiovascular desease,โ The European Science and Environment Forum, March 1998. Retrieved from Truth Tobacco Industry Documents library. Bates Number : 518988738-518988770.
Publications
According to Google Scholar, Willie Soon has published some articles on the connection between solar activity and climate change.159 Google Scholar search of articles for keyword โClimate,โ written by โWillie Soon,โ completed November 17, 2011.
Many of these articles were not published in peer-reviewed journals, but were rather published by organizations skeptical of climate change such as the Fraser Institute (here and here), The George C. Marshall Institute (here and here), and in the skeptical science journal Energy & Environment (here).
Key Publications
- Willie Soon and Sallie Baliunas. โProxy climatic and environmental changes of the past 1000 yearsโ (PDF), Climate Research, Vol. 23 (January 31, 2003) page 89โ110.
- J. Scott Armstrong, Kesten C. Green, Willie Soon. โPolar Bear Population Forecasts: A Public-Policy Forecasting Audit,โ Marketing Papers (2008).
- M.G. Dyck, W. Soon, R.K. Baydack, D.R. Legates, S. Baliunas, T.F. Ball, L.O. Hancock. โPolar bears of western Hudson Bay and climate change: Are warming spring air temperatures the ‘ultimate’ survival control factor?โ (Viewpoint Article) Ecological Complexity, Volume 4, Issue 3, September 2007, Pages 73-84.
Books
- Willie Soon, Sallie L. Baliunas, Arthur B. Robinson, Zachary W. Robinson. Global Warming: A Guide to the Science. Fraser Institute, November 30, 2002.
- Willie Soon and Steven H Yaskell. The Maunder Minimum and the Variable Sun-Earth Connection. World Scientific Publishing Company, 2004.
Other Publications
There is a list of Soon’s Publications at the Marshall Institute, and SourceWatch also maintains a list of Soon’s presentations and publications. Some samples are listed below:
- Sallie Baliunas and Willie Soon. โThe Sun-Climate Connection.โ Sky and Telescope, volume 92, number 6 (1996), page 38.
- Arthur B. Robinson, Sallie L. Baliunas, Willie Soon, and Zachary W. Robinson.โEnvironmental Effects of Increased Atmospheric Carbon Dioxideโ (PDF), Oregon Institute of Science and Medicine, January 1998.
- Willie W.-H. Soon. โSolar Arctic-Mediated Climate Variation on Multidecadal to Centennial Timescales: Empirical Evidence, Mechanistic Explanation, and Testable Consequences,โ Physical Geography, Volume 30, Number 2 (March-April 2009).
- Sallie Baliunas and Willie Soon. โAre Variations in the Length of the Activity Cycle Related to Changes in Brightness in Solar-Type Stars?โ, Astrophysical Journal v.450, p.896.
- Willie W. -H Soon. โVariable solar irradiance as a plausible agent for multidecadal variations in the Arctic-wide surface air temperature record of the past 130 yearsโ (PDF), Geophysical Research Letters, Vol 32 (August 2005).
Related DeSmog Posts
- โKoch & Exxon-funded Willie Soon Challenged by Students at Climate Denial Event,โ April 9, 2013.
- โRealClimate Reveals Willie Soonโs ‘Scientific Sleight of Hand’,โ 8 July, 2011.
- โDenial For Hire: Willie Soonโs Career Fueled by Big Oil, Coal and Koch Money,โ 28 June 2011.
- โGreenpeace Releases 20-Year History of Climate Denial Industry,โ 26 March 2010.
- โExxon attacked by polar bears!โ 18 October 07.
Other Resources
- โContext of ‘January 31, 2003: Astrophysicists Publish Heavily Criticized Paper Skeptical of Global Warming’,โ History Commons.
Resources
- 1โResearch Staff Listing: Willie Soon,โ Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. Archived July 6, 2011. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/KG4q
- 2โResearch Staff Listing: Willie Soon,โ Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. Archived July 6, 2011. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/KG4q
- 3โResearch Staff Listing: Willie Soon,โ Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. Archived July 6, 2011. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/KG4q
- 4โNew Astronomy Editorial Board,โ Elsevier. Archived August 19, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/pHm3
- 5David Suzuki. โInvestigation hits at climate change denier’s ‘science’,โ Canoe.ca, July 13, 2007. Archived September 13, 2011. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/bihip
- 6โRESPONSES OF THE NINE PROPOSED AMICI CURIAE 23 LISTED BELOW TO THE QUESTIONS ABOUT THEIR 24 PARTICIPATION POSED BY THE COURT ON MARCH 19, 2018,โ United States District Court, Northern District of California, San Francisco Division. Filed March 20, 2018. Retrieved from DocumentCloud.
- 7โSenator Inhofe on Climate Change,โ RealClimate, January 10, 2005. Archived June 4, 2019. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/HNrSp
- 8โStorm Brews Over Global Warming,โ Chronicle of Higher Education, September 5, 2003. Retrieved from www.cfa.harvard.edu.
- 9Mann, M.E et al. โOn Past Temperatures and Anomalous late-20th Century Warmthโ (PDF), American Geophysical Union, July 7, 2003. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 10โAuthor Details: Willie Soon,โ The Fraser Institute. Archived April 11, 2009. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/KwUp1
- 11โFraser Institute,โ Conservative Transparency. Accessed June 2019. Archived data on file at DeSmog.
- 12โAbout the Authors,โ P. 29 of โLessons & Limits of Climate History: Was the 20th Century Climate Unusual?โ (PDF), The George C. Marshall Institute, 2003. Archived October 12, 2012. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 13โHeartland Experts: Willie Soon,โ Archived March 5, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/a6gyA
- 14Kevin Grandia. โResearch on the ‘sponsors’ behind the Heartland’s New York Climate Change Conference,โ DeSmog, February 24, 2009.
- 15โTCS Daily: Authors: Willie Soon,โ TCS Daily. Archived April 9, 2009. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/nUVLg
- 16โSmoke, Mirrors f& Hot Airโ (PDF), Union of Concerned Scientists, January 2007. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 17โEditors and Contributors,โ World Climate Report. Archived July 3, 2003. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/AJAXW
- 18Willie Soon and Robert Ferguson. โEat More Fish!โ (PDF), The Wall Street Journal, August 16, 2005; Page A12. Retrieved from Heartland.org.
- 19โSmoke, Mirrors f& Hot Airโ (PDF), Union of Concerned Scientists, January 2007. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 20โItโs the Sun, stupid!โ, Iceagenow.com. March 5, 2009. Archived August 19, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/Zwg6q
- 21โThe Climate Change Hoax, with Professor Willie Soon at Camp Constitution 7-3-17,โ YouTube video uploaded by user Camp Constitution on July 13, 2017. Archived .mp4 on file at DeSmog.
- 22โPart 4 – At the Crossroads III: Energy and Climate Policy Summit,โ YouTube video uploaded by user The Heritage Foundation, December 9, 2016. Archived .mp4 on file at DeSmog.
- 23โPart 4 – At the Crossroads III: Energy and Climate Policy Summit,โ YouTube video uploaded by user The Heritage Foundation, December 9, 2016. Archived .mp4 on file at DeSmog.
- 24โPart 4 – At the Crossroads III: Energy and Climate Policy Summit,โ YouTube video uploaded by user The Heritage Foundation, December 9, 2016. Archived .mp4 on file at DeSmog.
- 25โPart 4 – At the Crossroads III: Energy and Climate Policy Summit,โ YouTube video uploaded by user The Heritage Foundation, December 9, 2016. Archived .mp4 on file at DeSmog.
- 26โPart 4 – At the Crossroads III: Energy and Climate Policy Summit,โ YouTube video uploaded by user The Heritage Foundation, December 9, 2016. Archived .mp4 on file at DeSmog.
- 27Willie Soon. โBill Nye the Scientism Guy,โ Townhall.com, May 27, 2016. Archived August 20, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/XmKMX
- 28Willie Soon. โBill Nye the Scientism Guy,โ Townhall.com, May 27, 2016. Archived August 20, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/XmKMX
- 29Willie Soon. โBill Nye the Scientism Guy,โ Townhall.com, May 27, 2016. Archived August 20, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/XmKMX
- 30Joseph Bast. โThree Global Warming Skeptics Win Awards,โ Watts Up With That, June 19, 2014. August 19, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/jryD8
- 31Interview with Simon Schuster, State News, Michigan State University, April 7, 2013.
- 32โClimate change denier Willie Soon questioned over Koch, Exxon funding at CFACT Campus eventโ (YouTube video), uploaded by PolluterWatch, April 8, 2013.
- 33Nikki Wentling. โLegislature considering delays in renewable energy standards,โ Lawrence Journal World, February 5, 2013. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/OnLCh
- 34โWillie Soon: ‘Too Much Ice Is Really Bad for Polar Bears’,โ InsideClimate News, February 24, 2015. Archived August 20, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/KzQ3n
- 35โClimate History and the Science Underlying Fate, Transport, and Health Effects of Mercury Emissions,โ Summary (PDF) of Hearing Before the Committee on Environment and Public Works, July 29, 2003. Page 6.
- 36Climate Hustle 2: Rise of the Climate Monarchy. CFACT/ CDR Communications, Inc., 2020
- 37โThe Declaration,โ Realist Catholic Climate Declaration, Archived October 29, 2020. Archive URL: https://archive.is/O2m5D
- 38โWilliam Briggs,โThe Heartland Institute, Archived October 26, 2020. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/bDHXU
- 39Charles Rotter,โRealist Catholic Climate Change Declaration,โ Watts Up with That, October 13, 2019. Archived October 23, 2020. Archive. URL: https://archive.vn/aieXw
- 40โDraft Realist Catholic Climate Declaration: Please Share!โ William M. Briggs, October 7, 2019. Archived October 8, 2020. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/yveCN
- 41โClimate Challenge: Bright Lights, Big City โฆ Bigger Debate,โ Heartland Institute, September 13, 2019. Archived September 13, 2019. Archive.is URL: http://archive.is/M7XlQ. Archived .mp4 on file at DeSmog.
- 42โClimate Challenge: Bright Lights, Big City โฆ Bigger Debate,โ Heartland Institute, September 13, 2019. Archived September 13, 2019. Archive.is URL: http://archive.is/M7XlQ. Archived .mp4 on file at DeSmog.
- 43โClimate Challenge: Bright Lights, Big City โฆ Bigger Debate,โ Heartland Institute, September 13, 2019. Archived September 13, 2019. Archive.is URL: http://archive.is/M7XlQ. Archived .mp4 on file at DeSmog.
- 44โClimate Challenge: Bright Lights, Big City โฆ Bigger Debate,โ Heartland Institute, September 13, 2019. Archived September 13, 2019. Archive.is URL: http://archive.is/M7XlQ. Archived .mp4 on file at DeSmog.
- 45โAnalysis of Greenpeaceโs business model & philosophyโ (PDF), Heartland Institute, December 2018. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 46โCamp Constitution Mission Statement,โ Camp Constitution. Archived November 9, 2018. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/ItQSx
- 47โCamp Constitution โ 2018 โ Daily General Scheduleโ (PDF), Campconstitution.net. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 48โCamp Constitution Mission Statement,โ Camp Constitution. Archived November 9, 2018. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/ItQSx
- 49โCamp Constitution Speakers Bureau,โ Camp Constitution. Archived November 9, 2018. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/etaWO
- 50โAbout Tom DeWeese,โ Southern Poverty Law Center. Accessed November 9, 2018.
- 51โAgenda 21: The UN, Sustainability and Right-Wing Conspiracy Theory,โ Southern Poverty Law Center, March 31, 2014.
- 52John H. Cushman Jr. โClimate Contrarians Try to Slip Their Views into U.S. Courtโs Science Tutorial,โ InsideClimate News, March 20, 2018. Archived March 20, 2018. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/9SVL6
- 53John H. Cushman Jr. โClimate Contrarians Try to Slip Their Views into U.S. Courtโs Science Tutorial,โ InsideClimate News, March 20, 2018. Archived March 20, 2018. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/9SVL6
- 54โRESPONSES OF THE NINE PROPOSED AMICI CURIAE 23 LISTED BELOW TO THE QUESTIONS ABOUT THEIR 24 PARTICIPATION POSED BY THE COURT ON MARCH 19, 2018,โ United States District Court, Northern District of California, San Francisco Division. Filed March 20, 2018. Retrieved from DocumentCloud.
- 55Scott Waldman. โJudge in climate case made skeptics disclose their donors,โ E&E News, March 22, 2018.
- 56John H. Cushman Jr. โClimate Contrarians Try to Slip Their Views into U.S. Courtโs Science Tutorial,โ InsideClimate News, March 20, 2018. Archived March 20, 2018. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/9SVL6
- 57Amy Westervelt. โClimate Denial Arguments Make Their Way to Federal Judgeโs Science Tutorial,โ Climate Liability News, March 20, 2018. Archived March 20, 2018. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/je7pf
- 58John H. Cushman Jr. โ8 Answers to the Judgeโs Climate Change Questions in Cities vs. Fossil Fuels Case,โ InsideClimate News, March 20, 2018. Archived March 20, 2018. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/9BYaQ
- 59โSOME QUESTIONS FOR THE TUTORIALโ (PDF), United States District Court, March 6, 2018.
- 60John H. Cushman Jr. โClimate Contrarians Try to Slip Their Views into U.S. Courtโs Science Tutorial,โ InsideClimate News, March 20, 2018. Archived March 20, 2018. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/9SVL6
- 61John H. Cushman Jr. โClimate Contrarians Try to Slip Their Views into U.S. Courtโs Science Tutorial,โ InsideClimate News, March 20, 2018. Archived March 20, 2018. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/9SVL6
- 62John H. Cushman Jr. โClimate Contrarians Try to Slip Their Views into U.S. Courtโs Science Tutorial,โ InsideClimate News, March 20, 2018. Archived March 20, 2018. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/9SVL6
- 63David Hasemyer. โClimate Legal Paradox: Judges Issue Dueling Rulings for Cities Suing Fossil Fuel Companies,โ InsideClimate News, March 20, 2018. Archived March 20, 2018. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/6WXtQ
- 64Robin Pogrebin and Somini Sengupta. โA Science Denier at the Natural History Museum? Scientists Rebel,โ The New York Times, January 25, 2018. Archived February 13, 2018. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/tAIv4
- 65Graham Readfearn. โClimate Science Deniers Defend New Yorkโs American Museum of Natural History From Calls to Drop Trustee Rebekah Mercer,โ DeSmog, February 6, 2018.
- 66mnh18-feb4-petitionletter (PDF – Untitled). Retrieved from Watts Up With That.
- 67โDonate to Climate Change: The Facts 2017,โ Institute of Public Affairs. Archived October 31, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/KpLZh
- 68Graham Readfearn. โAustralian Climate Denial Think Tank Picks Cat Author and Moonman Ken Ring as Climate Expert,โ DeSmog, April 9, 2017.
- 69โNEW BOOK – CLIMATE CHANGE: THE FACTS 2017โ (PDF), Institute of Public Affairs, July 25, 2017.
- 70โRegister your interest now and be the first to hear about the publication of Climate Change: The Facts 2017,โ Institute of Public Affairs. Archived April 10, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/kvAFK
- 71โClimate Change: The facts 2014,โ Catallaxyfiles.com. Archived October 31, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/Trs4Y
- 72Ronan Connolly, Michael Connolly & Willie Soon (2017). โRe-calibration of Arctic sea ice extent datasets using Arctic surface air temperature recordsโ (PDF), Hydrological Sciences Journal, DOI: 10.1080/02626667.2017.1324974
- 73Ronan Connolly, Michael Connolly & Willie Soon (2017). โRe-calibration of Arctic sea ice extent datasets using Arctic surface air temperature recordsโ (PDF), Hydrological Sciences Journal, DOI: 10.1080/02626667.2017.1324974
- 74Ronan Connolly, Michael Connolly & Willie Soon (2017). โRe-calibration of Arctic sea ice extent datasets using Arctic surface air temperature recordsโ (PDF), Hydrological Sciences Journal, DOI: 10.1080/02626667.2017.1324974
- 75Willie Soon. โRE-CALIBRATION OF ARCTIC SEA ICE EXTENT DATASETS USING ARCTIC SURFACE AIR TEMPERATURE RECORDs,โ Heartland Institute, April 30, 2017. Archived May 27, 2017. View full PDF paper here. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/alxBc
- 76Ronan Connolly, Michael Connolly & Willie Soon (2017). โRe-calibration of Arctic sea ice extent datasets using Arctic surface air temperature recordsโ (PDF), Hydrological Sciences Journal, DOI: 10.1080/02626667.2017.1324974
- 77โWILLIE SOON,โ Climateconferences.heartland.org. Archived April 5, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/m8SZr
- 78โPETITIONโ (PDF), February 23, 2017. Richard Lindzen. PDF Archived at DeSmog.
- 79โPETITIONโ (PDF), February 23, 2017. Richard Lindzen. PDF Archived at DeSmog.
- 80Graham Readfearn. โClimate Science Denier Richard Lindzen’s List of 300 โScientistsโ Sent to Trump Is the Usual Parade of Non-Experts,โ DeSmog, February 27, 2017.
- 81โOpen Letter Supporting Scott Pruitt for EPA Administrator,โ Cornwall Alliance, January 5, 2017. Archived January 19, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/xMash
- 82Ben Jervey. โMapping EPA Nominee Scott Pruitt’s Many Fossil Fuel Ties,โ DeSmog, January 13, 2017.
- 83Ben Jervey and Steve Horn. โEPA Nominee Scott Pruitt Gets Grilled on Fossil Fuel Ties at Confirmation Hearing,โ DeSmog, January 18, 2017.
- 84โAt the Crossroads III: Energy and Climate Policy Summit,โ Heritage Foundation, December 8, 2016. Archived December 22, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/AKaKq
- 85Doug Domenech. โClimate change: Speaking truth to power,โ The Hill, December 13, 2016. Archived December 21, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/zAEH5
- 86โThe 3rd Congress of Freedom Force,โ Freedom Force International. Archived December 2, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/xuWxA
- 87โThe 3rd Congress of Freedom Force,โ Freedom Force International. Archived December 2, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/xuWxA
- 88โThe Clexit Committee comprisesโ (PDF), Clexit.net. Archived.pdf on file at Desmog.
- 89โAfter Brexit, Clexitโ (PDF), Clexit.net. Archived .pdf on file at Desmog.
- 90Graham Readfearn. โAfter Brexit, Climate Science Denialists Form New Group to Call for a Clexit,โ Desmog, August 3, 2016.
- 91โHugh Morgan AO,โ Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Archived February 22, 2002. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/1ObOB
- 92โAfter Brexit, Clexitโ (PDF), Clexit.net. Archived .pdf on file at Desmog.
- 93โDDP 34th Annual Meeting โ July 2016,โ Doctors for Disaster Preparedness. Archived July 22, 2016. Backup archive url: http://archive.is/oRn3j
- 94โDDP 34th Annual Meeting โ July 2016,โ Doctors for Disaster Preparedness. Archived July 22, 2016. Backup archive url: http://archive.is/oRn3j
- 95Nick Surgey. โPeabody Coal Bankruptcy Reveals Climate Denial Network Funding,โ PRWatch, June 13, 2016. Archived June 20, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/DR5pv
- 96โIn re: Peabody Energy Corporation, et al. Debtors,โ United States Bankruptcy Court Eastern District of Missouri Eastern Division, Case 16-42529, May 27, 2016. Retrieved from DocumentCloud. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/QGKCb
- 97Farron Cousins. โCourt Documents Show Coal Giant Peabody Energy Funded Dozens Of Climate Denial Groups,โ DeSmog, June 13, 2016.
- 98Suzanne Goldenberg and Helena Bengtsson. โBiggest US coal company funded dozens of groups questioning climate change,โ The Guardian, June 13, 2016. Archived June 20, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/Oibzy
- 99โSmithsonian Gives Nod to More ‘Dark Money’ Funding for Willie Soon,โ InsideClimate News, April 5, 2016. Archived August 19, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/CHxiU
- 100โSmithsonian Gives Nod to More ‘Dark Money’ Funding for Willie Soon,โ InsideClimate News, April 5, 2016. Archived August 19, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/CHxiU
- 101โSmithsonian Gives Nod to More ‘Dark Money’ Funding for Willie Soon,โ InsideClimate News, April 5, 2016. Archived August 19, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/CHxiU
- 102โPARIS COP-21: Day of Examining the Data with The Heartland Institute, CFACT, and CEI,โ Heartland Institute, December 7, 2015.
- 103โBringing Climate Realism to Paris at COP-21,โ Heartland Institute, December 7, 2015. Archived February 10, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/NIkCy
- 104โSpeakers,โ Heartland Institute. Archived June 30, 2015. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/lpiqu
- 105โPanel 1: Climate Science with Willie Soon, Ph.D., David Legates, Ph.D., and Patrick Michaels, Ph.D.,โ Heartland Institute, June 11, 2015. Archived July 16, 2015.
- 106Dr. Wei-Hock Soon. โGas of Life: Pope Encyclical on Climate Change Ignores Science on Carbon Dioxide.โ Breitbart. June 19, 2015. Archived July 3, 2015. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/XYShy
- 107Katherine Bagley. โLeaked Email Reveals Who’s Who List of Climate Denialists,โ InsideClimate News. March 12, 2015. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/CVOi5
- 108โClimate change skeptic accused of violating disclosure rules,โ The Boston Globe, January 26, 2015. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/1liME
- 109Willie Soon. โStatement by Dr. Willie Soon,โ Heartland Institute, March 2, 2015.
- 110Willie Soon. โStatement by Dr. Willie Soon,โ Heartland Institute, March 2, 2015.
- 111โWas Climate Science Denialist Willie Soon Funded To Do Science Or Was It Just PR Cash From The Fossil Fuel Industry?,โ DeSmog, March 1, 2015.
- 112David Hasemyer. โDocuments Reveal Fossil Fuel Fingerprints on Contrarian Climate Research,โ InsideClimate News, February 21, 2015. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/5TTsv
- 113Lisa Song. โA Guide To Willie Soon’s Climate Research Funded by Fossil Fuel Companies,โ InsideClimate News, February 23, 2015. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/YOHqz
- 114โNew documents reveal Koch, Exxon, Southern Company influence behind climate change denier scientist Dr. Willie Soon called his research and congressional testimony ‘deliverables’ to corporate funders, may have violated IRS rules and scientific journalsโ ethical guidelines,โ Greenpeace (Media Release), February 23, 2015. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/Lac4S
- 115David Hasemyer. โUtility Giant Cuts Ties With Willie Soon,โ InsideClimate News, April 7, 2015. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/wDh9z
- 116David Hasemyer. โUtility Giant Cuts Ties With Willie Soon,โ InsideClimate News, April 7, 2015. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/wDh9z
- 117โClimate change skeptic accused of violating disclosure rules,โ The Boston Globe, January 26, 2015. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/1liME
- 118โClimate change skeptic accused of violating disclosure rules,โ The Boston Globe, January 26, 2015. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/1liME
- 119โClimate change skeptic accused of violating disclosure rules,โ The Boston Globe, January 26, 2015. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/1liME
- 120โClimate change skeptic accused of violating disclosure rules,โ The Boston Globe, January 26, 2015. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/1liME
- 121โClimate change skeptic accused of violating disclosure rules,โ The Boston Globe, January 26, 2015. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/1liME
- 122โInstitute of Public Affairs,โ SourceWatch. Accessed May 27, 2015. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/WWdgR
- 123โHeartland Institute Experts Comment on Latest United Nations Climate Report,โ Heartland Institute, November 5, 2014. Archived November 11, 2014. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/CBLqi
- 124โHeartland Institute Experts Comment on Latest United Nations Climate Report,โ Heartland Institute, November 5, 2014. Archived November 11, 2014. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/CBLqi
- 125Willie Soon and Christopher Monckton. โBoycotting the U.N. climate summit; Awareness grows that faulty science would keep millions in the dark,โ The Washington Times, September 18, 2014. Archived September 23, 2014. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/PqqCY
- 126Willie Soon and Christopher Monckton. โBoycotting the U.N. climate summit; Awareness grows that faulty science would keep millions in the dark,โ The Washington Times, September 18, 2014. Archived September 23, 2014. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/PqqCY
- 127โReturn of Climate Denial-a-Palooza: Heartland Institute Hitches Anti-Science Wagon to Vegas FreedomFest,โ DeSmog, July 7, 2014. Archived July 14, 2014.
- 128Heartland Institue. โInternational Conference on Climate Change, Schedule.โ Archived November 22, 2017.
- 129โResearcher helps sow climate-change doubt,โ The Boston Globe, November 5, 2013. Archived August 19, 2016.
- 130โBoston Globe Exposes Climate Denier Willie Soon,โ Greenpeace, November 5, 2013.
- 131โJoe Bast, Willie Soon talking ‘Climate Change Reconsidered’ on Fox News,โ The Heartland Institute, September 19, 2013. Archived August 19, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/gw0g7
- 132โExxon- and Koch-funded scientist Willie Soon confronted at University of Wisconsin over discredited climate research,โ Polluterwatch, April 8, 2013. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/eefAF
- 133Soon, Willy. โAlmighty CO2, Giant Boa Snake and The Sun,โ Youtube.com July 22, 2014.
- 134Heartland Institute. โThe Sixth International Conference on Climate Change, Program.โ (PDF) Archived November 22, 2017.
- 135Soon, Willy. โA Circum-Global View on Sun-Climate Connection,โ Youtube.com July 26, 2013.
- 136Heartland Institute. โ4th International Conference on Climate Change,โ (PDF) Archived November 22, 2017.
- 137
- 138โ4th International Conference on Climate Changeโ (PDF), The Heartland Institute. Retrieved February 17, 2012, from the homepage of Laurence I. Gould, hosted on the University of Hartford’s web server.
- 139Soon, Willy. โโGlobal Warming 101: Why CO2 Is Not A Climate Driver,โ Youtube.com July 2, 2013.
- 140โWillie Soon,โ SourceWatch Profile. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/oRmQP
- 141โ2009 International Conference on Climate Change,โ The Heartland Institute, February 1, 2009. Republished by Instituto Liberdade. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/AVBHL
- 142Soon, Willy. โDisconnects in Sun-Climate Studies: Removing Politics From The Science,โ Youtube.com July 5, 2013.
- 143โWillie Soon,โ SourceWatch Profile. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/oRmQP
- 144โWillie Soon,โ SourceWatch Profile. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/oRmQP
- 145Soon, Willy. โAn Overview of Global Warming Science,โ Youtube.com.
- 146โClimate History and the Science Underlying Fate, Transport, and Health Effects of Mercury Emissions,โ Summary (PDF) of Hearing Before the Committee on Environment and Public Works, July 29, 2003. Page 6.
- 147โStorm Brews Over Global Warming,โ Chronicle of Higher Education, September 5, 2003. Retrieved from www.cfa.harvard.edu.
- 148โSmoke, Mirrors f& Hot Airโ (PDF), Union of Concerned Scientists, January 2007. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 149โScientific Advisors,โ The Greening Earth Society. Archived February 20, 1999. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/sN3tY
- 150โAuthor Details: Willie Soon,โ The Fraser Institute. Archived April 11, 2009. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/KwUp1
- 151โPersonnel,โ The Science and Public Policy Institute. Archived June 15, 2010. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/BYgIs
- 152โAbout the Authors,โ P. 29 of โLessons & Limits of Climate History: Was the 20th Century Climate Unusual?โ (PDF), The George C. Marshall Institute, 2003. Archived October 12, 2012. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 153โHeartland Experts: Willie Soon,โ Archived March 5, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/a6gyA
- 154โTCS Daily: Authors: Willie Soon,โ TCS Daily. Archived April 9, 2009. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/nUVLg
- 155โEditors and Contributors,โ World Climate Report. Archived July 3, 2003. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/AJAXW
- 156โCASE STUDY: Dr. Willie Soon, a Career Fueled by Big Oil and Coal,โ Greenpeace. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/R5oai
- 157โThe Clexit Committee comprisesโ (PDF), Clexit.net. Archived.pdf on file at Desmog.
- 158Robert Nilsson. โEnvironmental Tobacco Smoke Revisited: The reliability of the evidence for risk of lung cancer and cardiovascular desease,โ The European Science and Environment Forum, March 1998. Retrieved from Truth Tobacco Industry Documents library. Bates Number : 518988738-518988770.
- 159Google Scholar search of articles for keyword โClimate,โ written by โWillie Soon,โ completed November 17, 2011.