American Future Fund
Background
The American Future Found (AFF) is a 501(c)(4) nonprofit that describes itself as a โmulti- state issues advocacy group designed to effectively communicate conservative and free market ideals,โ according to its website.1โABOUT US,โ American Future Fund. Archived July 8, 2019. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/d2rEN
AFF was founded in 2007 by Nick Ryan, a former advisor to U.S. Rep. Jim Nussle (R-Iowa) and to Rick Santorum’s 2012 presidential campaign.2Will Evans. โProfile: American Future Fund,โ NPR, August 20, 2008. Archived July 8, 2018. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/OOyEk It was founded with reported seed funding from Bruce Rastetter,3Jim Rutenberg, Don Van Natta, Jr. and Mike McIntire. โOffering Donors Secrecy, and Going on Attack,โ The New York Times, October 11, 2010. Archived July 9, 2019. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/J36iF
a co-founder and the chief executive of Hawkeye Energy Holdings, a large ethanol company in the United States. It started with the broad mission to โto provide Americans with a conservative and free market viewpoint.โ Its first president was Nicole Schlinger, former finance director of the Republican Party of Iowa.4โPlayers Guide 2010: American Future Fund,โ FactCheck.org, October 13, 2010. Archived November 25, 2019. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/zV1ZD
AFF launched television ads supporting U.S. Sen. Norm Coleman (R-MN) in March 2008. As NPR reported in 2008: โAmerican Future Fund advocates free-market policies. It supports an energy agenda that includes drilling offshore and in the Alaska National Wildlife Refuge; more oil exploration and refineries; and the development of nuclear and alternative sources of energy.โ5Will Evans. โProfile: American Future Fund,โ NPR, August 20, 2008. Archived July 8, 2018. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/OOyEk
American Future Fund Political Action
The related but separate group called American Future Fund Political Action is AFF’s PAC. According to the American Future Fund website, American Future Fund Political Action โprimarily helps members elect candidates who reflect our values through a variety of activities aimed at influencing the outcome of the next election.โ6โABOUT US,โ American Future Fund. Archived July 8, 2019. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/d2rEN
Fined by FEC
The New York Times reported in 2016 that the American Future Fund was one of three nonprofit groups working in the Koch network that were fined by the Federal Election Commission (FEC). The FEC found that Sean Noble, who worked with the Kochs, had closely directed expenditures by the organizations in question, including picking which races individual ads would be run.7Nicholas Confessore. โThree Nonprofits, Former Koch Brothersโ Associates, Fined by F.E.C.โ The New York Times, July 13, 2016. Archived July 9, 2019. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/4db0t
โThat violated federal rules requiring organizations to identity [sic] the source of any money earmarked for a political expenditure, the commission determined,โ wrote the New York Times.8Nicholas Confessore. โThree Nonprofits, Former Koch Brothersโ Associates, Fined by F.E.C.โ The New York Times, July 13, 2016. Archived July 9, 2019. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/4db0t
The three groups agreed to pay over $200,000 in fines to settle the investigation but did not concede that they had broken any laws.9Nicholas Confessore. โThree Nonprofits, Former Koch Brothersโ Associates, Fined by F.E.C.โ The New York Times, July 13, 2016. Archived July 9, 2019. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/4db0t
Citizens for Responsibility And Ethics in Washington (CREW) had initially filed a complaint against the Koch nonprofit groups in 2014. As part of its conciliation agreement with the FEC, the American Future Fund agreed to pay $140,000.10โKoch Brothers Groups Hit With Massive Fines From CREW Complaint,โ CREW, July 1, 2016. Archived July 17, 2016. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/z9DU9
โThese rules provide some of the only windows into the funding of dark money groups, but the FEC almost never penalizes groups that break them,โ said Noah Bookbinder, CREW’s executive director. โIt is hard to overstate how significant this is.โ11โKoch Brothers Groups Hit With Massive Fines From CREW Complaint,โ CREW, July 1, 2016. Archived July 17, 2016. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/z9DU9
Koch Ties
As part of its in-depth investigation into the Koch network, The Washington Post previously reported on AFF’s role, describing it as โa Des Moines-based nonprofit that poured more than $25 million into ads against Obama and congressional Democrats in 2012.โ12Nicholas Confessore. โThree Nonprofits, Former Koch Brothersโ Associates, Fined by F.E.C.โ The New York Times, July 13, 2016. Archived July 9, 2019. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/4db0t 13Matea Gold. โKoch-backed political network, built to shield donors, raised $400 million in 2012 elections,โ The Washington Post, January 5, 2014. Archived July 9, 2019. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/k3DXg
The New York Times reported in 2016 that the Koch brothers had cut ties with the American Future Fund.
Election Spending
The table below is based on campaign finance data exported from the Federal Election Commission for American Future Fund and American Future Fund Political Action. Note that while efforts have been made to ensure accuracy, there may be discrepancies in original report filings and differences between unprocessed and processed FEC data.
| Committee, Position, & Candidate | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2016 | 2018 | Grand Total |
| – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| AMERICAN FUTURE FUND | $7,358,236 | $9,631 | $24,488,535 | $140,516 | $2,307,209 | $12,653,184 | $1,129,931 | $48,087,241 |
| Oppose | $7,353,282 | $10,913,095 | $80,766 | $1,887,209 | $11,027,526 | $31,261,878 | ||
| OBAMA, BARACK | $7,528,525 | $7,528,525 | ||||||
| TRUMP, DONALD* | $5,178,276 | $5,178,276 | ||||||
| MURPHY, PATRICK | $2,832,250 | $2,832,250 | ||||||
| KASICH, JOHN | $1,508,500 | $1,508,500 | ||||||
| CRUZ, TED | $1,508,500 | $1,508,500 | ||||||
| BROWNLEY, JULIA* | $500,000 | $809,423 | $1,309,423 | |||||
| BERKLEY, SHELLEY | $1,299,599 | $1,299,599 | ||||||
| BARROW, JOHN J. | $1,052,786 | $1,052,786 | ||||||
| BRALEY, BRUCE L | $627,938 | $80,846 | $708,784 | |||||
| HEINRICH, MARTIN | $340,944 | $350,716 | $691,660 | |||||
| SINEMA, KYRSTEN | $573,362 | $573,362 | ||||||
| LARSEN, RICK | $561,995 | $561,995 | ||||||
| PERLMUTTER, EDWIN G | $560,529 | $560,529 | ||||||
| SCHAUER, MARK HAMILTON | $506,761 | $506,761 | ||||||
| HECK, DENNIS | $470,787 | $470,787 | ||||||
| HARE, PHILIP G | $451,742 | $451,742 | ||||||
| OLIVERIO, MICHAEL ANGELO II | $445,117 | $445,117 | ||||||
| BRIGHT SR, BOBBY NEAL | $420,112 | $420,112 | ||||||
| HERSETH SANDLIN, STEPHANIE M | $383,442 | $383,442 | ||||||
| MARSHALL, JIM | $351,916 | $351,916 | ||||||
| MCDOWELL, GARY J. HON. | $309,957 | $309,957 | ||||||
| BALDWIN, TAMMY | $261,135 | $261,135 | ||||||
| HILL, BARON PAUL | $255,812 | $255,812 | ||||||
| EDWARDS, CHET | $251,301 | $251,301 | ||||||
| LOEBSACK, DAVID WAYNE | $221,306 | $221,306 | ||||||
| KIRKPATRICK, ANN | $217,619 | $217,619 | ||||||
| CHILDERS, TRAVIS W. | $216,309 | $216,309 | ||||||
| SPRATT, JOHN MCKEE JR HON | $196,756 | $196,756 | ||||||
| FOSTER, G. WILLIAM (BILL) | $193,453 | $193,453 | ||||||
| CAUSEY, CHAD | $191,057 | $191,057 | ||||||
| ADLER, JOHN H | $175,515 | $175,515 | ||||||
| HALVORSON, DEBORAH L | $138,979 | $138,979 | ||||||
| PETERSON, COLLIN CLARK | $80,766 | $25,000 | $105,766 | |||||
| FRANK, BARNEY | $81,550 | $81,550 | ||||||
| BENTIVOLIO, KERRY | $30,000 | $30,000 | ||||||
| NEUMANN, MARK | $15,466 | $15,466 | ||||||
| BROWN, SHERROD | $15,193 | $15,193 | ||||||
| VILSACK, CHRISTIE | $13,574 | $13,574 | ||||||
| KAINE, TIMOTHY MICHAEL | $8,530 | $8,530 | ||||||
| DONNELLY, JOSEPH S | $6,082 | $6,082 | ||||||
| NELSON, BILL | $4,128 | $4,128 | ||||||
| HEITKAMP, HEIDI | $3,064 | $3,064 | ||||||
| TESTER, JON | $2,241 | $2,241 | ||||||
| KERREY, J ROBERT | $1,983 | $1,983 | ||||||
| MCCASKILL, CLAIRE | $1,032 | $1,032 | ||||||
| Support | $4,954 | $9,631 | $13,575,440 | $59,750 | $420,000 | $1,325,658 | $1,129,931 | $16,525,364 |
| ROMNEY, MITT / RYAN, PAUL D. | $11,377,385 | $11,377,385 | ||||||
| TRUMP, DONALD* | $1,306,500 | $1,306,500 | ||||||
| ROMNEY, MITT | $1,011,020 | $1,011,020 | ||||||
| PATON, JONATHAN | $785,598 | $785,598 | ||||||
| BAUGH, SCOTT | $634,518 | $634,518 | ||||||
| HAUGH, SEAN | $420,000 | $420,000 | ||||||
| KIM, YOUNG | $284,498 | $284,498 | ||||||
| HARKEY, DIANE | $196,835 | $196,835 | ||||||
| BERG, RICK | $182,900 | $182,900 | ||||||
| HOVDE, ERIC | $125,626 | $125,626 | ||||||
| LONEGAN, STEVEN M | $59,750 | $59,750 | ||||||
| MOURDOCK, RICHARD | $46,156 | $46,156 | ||||||
| BIGGERT, JUDY | $30,000 | $30,000 | ||||||
| RUBIO, MARCO | $19,158 | $19,158 | ||||||
| CHAVEZ, ROCKY | $14,080 | $14,080 | ||||||
| ADAMS, KIRK | $10,000 | $10,000 | ||||||
| TURNER, ROBERT | $9,631 | $9,631 | ||||||
| FRAZIER, RYAN L | $4,954 | $4,954 | ||||||
| MCINTOSH, DAVID | $3,914 | $3,914 | ||||||
| MANDEL, JOSH | $2,000 | $2,000 | ||||||
| BROWNLEY, JULIA* | $842 | $842 | ||||||
| BRALEY, BRUCE L | $0 | $0 | ||||||
| Not Specified (Support/Oppose) | $300,000 | $300,000 | ||||||
| TRUMP, DONALD | $300,000 | $300,000 | ||||||
| AMERICAN FUTURE FUND POLITICAL ACTION | $574,304 | $71,280 | $1,303,663 | $1,949,247 | ||||
| Support | $389,820 | $976,010 | $1,365,830 | |||||
| CHAVEZ, ROCKY | $366,004 | $366,004 | ||||||
| UPTON, FREDERICK STEPHEN | $306,720 | $306,720 | ||||||
| HARKEY, DIANE | $304,459 | $304,459 | ||||||
| BAUGH, SCOTT | $122,460 | $122,460 | ||||||
| KIM, YOUNG | $113,010 | $113,010 | ||||||
| HANDEL, KAREN CHRISTINE | $80,700 | $80,700 | ||||||
| HUFF, BOB | $53,577 | $53,577 | ||||||
| PELZER, KIMBERLIN BROWN | $15,000 | $15,000 | ||||||
| DENHAM, JEFF | $1,500 | $1,500 | ||||||
| BLUM, RODNEY LELAND | $1,200 | $1,200 | ||||||
| YOUNG, DAVID | $1,200 | $1,200 | ||||||
| Oppose | $184,484 | $71,280 | $327,653 | $583,417 | ||||
| MERKLEY, JEFFREY ALAN | $165,000 | $165,000 | ||||||
| GASPAR, KRISTIN | $121,700 | $121,700 | ||||||
| CORLEW, BOB | $104,964 | $104,964 | ||||||
| HARDER, JOSH | $98,239 | $98,239 | ||||||
| TRUMP, DONALD J | $68,855 | $68,855 | ||||||
| BRALEY, BRUCE L | $19,484 | $19,484 | ||||||
| KING, STEVE MR. | $2,425 | $2,425 | ||||||
| ROUDA, HARLEY E JR | $1,500 | $1,500 | ||||||
| AXNE, CINDY | $1,250 | $1,250 | ||||||
| Grand Total | $7,358,236 | $9,631 | $24,488,535 | $140,516 | $2,881,513 | $12,724,464 | $2,433,593 | $50,036,488 |
* Note: Original campaign filings for Julia Brownley, as well as for Donald Trump (here and here) include funds checked to โsupportโ both of those candidates. It is unclear if this is a filing error, given AFF’s historic opposition of both candidates.
Stance on Climate Change
AFF does not appear to have made any official statements on climate change.
Funding
As a 501(c)(4) organization, the American Future fund’s donors are able to remain anonymous. Investigative reporting found that AFF was founded with seed money from Bruce Rastetter, co-founder of Hawkeye Energy Holdings and a player in Republican politics, The New York Times reported in October 2010:14Jim Rutenberg, Don Van Natta, Jr. and Mike McIntire. โOffering Donors Secrecy, and Going on Attack,โ The New York Times, October 11, 2010. Archived July 9, 2019. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/J36iF
โMr. Rastetter had long been mentioned as a likely backer of the group, and he has now acknowledged through his lawyer that he indeed provided financial support at its inception roughly two years ago. The lawyer, Daniel L. Stockdale, said Mr. Rastetter had not given since, adding, ‘He does not feel that he should reveal the size of prior contributions.’โ15Jim Rutenberg, Don Van Natta, Jr. and Mike McIntire. โOffering Donors Secrecy, and Going on Attack,โ The New York Times, October 11, 2010. Archived July 9, 2019. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/J36iF
The New York Times added:
โBradley A. Blakeman, a longtime Republican operative and a senior aide in the Bush White House, said, ‘Donors are the usual suspects that have helped Bush, as well as some fresh faces.’โ16Jim Rutenberg, Don Van Natta, Jr. and Mike McIntire. โOffering Donors Secrecy, and Going on Attack,โ The New York Times, October 11, 2010. Archived July 9, 2019. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/J36iF
Note that the โDonateโ button on the American Future Fund website redirects to a page to support American Future Fund Political Action.17โAmerican Future Fund Political Action,โ anedot.com. Archived July 8, 2019. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/MmYCo
The below is based on data archived at the Conservative Transparency project, combined with original 990 research by DeSmog.
Also, see the attached spreadsheet of American Future Fund funding by year (.xlsx).
American Future Fund as Recipient
| Donor | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2016 | Grand Total |
| Center to Protect Patient Rights | $1,280,000 | $11,685,000 | $1,075,000 | $49,182,409 | $63,222,409 | |||
| Freedom Partners | $13,600,000 | $13,600,000 | ||||||
| Wellspring Committee | $125,000 | $2,000,000 | $2,125,000 | |||||
| Judicial Crisis Network | $750,000 | $1,350,000 | $2,100,000 | |||||
| PhRMA | $300,000 | $300,000 | ||||||
| Grand Total | $1,280,000 | $11,985,000 | $1,075,000 | $62,782,409 | $875,000 | $1,350,000 | $2,000,000 | $81,347,409 |
American Future Fund as Donor
| Donor | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | Grand Total |
| NRA Institute for Legislative Action | $3,000,000 | $3,000,000 | ||||||
| The Progress Project | $455,000 | $451,500 | $15,700 | $708,500 | $1,630,700 | |||
| Ending Spending | $750,000 | $750,000 | ||||||
| Republican Attorneys General Association | $670,000 | $670,000 | ||||||
| Iowa Progress Project | $150,000 | $203,700 | $353,700 | |||||
| The Patriots Foundation | $25,000 | $15,000 | $189,500 | $110,000 | $339,500 | |||
| Invest In North Dakota | $300,000 | $300,000 | ||||||
| MediaFreedom.org | $270,000 | $270,000 | ||||||
| Center for Boundless Innovation in Technology | $170,700 | $170,700 | ||||||
| Digital Society | $102,500 | $102,500 | ||||||
| The MITA Group | $97,500 | $97,500 | ||||||
| Empower Iowa Fund | $71,000 | $71,000 | ||||||
| Beyond Ball | $50,000 | $7,500 | $57,500 | |||||
| Free Our Internet | $50,000 | $50,000 | ||||||
| All Votes Matter | $40,000 | $40,000 | ||||||
| The Legacy Foundation | $30,000 | $30,000 | ||||||
| Let Freedom Ring | $17,500 | $17,500 | ||||||
| Citizens Outreach | $15,000 | $15,000 | ||||||
| Donors Trust | $10,000 | $10,000 | ||||||
| Frontiers of Freedom | $10,000 | $10,000 | ||||||
| Institute for Liberty | $10,000 | $10,000 | ||||||
| Consumer Action for a Strong Economy | $7,500 | $7,500 | ||||||
| Institute for Policy Innovation | $7,500 | $7,500 | ||||||
| 60 Plus Association | $7,500 | $7,500 | ||||||
| The Hispanic Leadership Fund | $7,500 | $7,500 | ||||||
| Acts 2 Collective | $7,500 | $7,500 | ||||||
| Institute for Fair Elections | $6,000 | $6,000 | ||||||
| Taxpayers Protection Alliance | $5,000 | $5,000 | ||||||
| The Leadership Institute | $3,750 | $3,750 | ||||||
| Grand Total | $150,000 | $1,013,700 | $455,000 | $1,317,200 | $40,450 | $4,745,500 | $326,000 | $8,047,850 |
990 Forms
Key People
| Name | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | Description |
| Allison Kleis | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | President/Treasurer | |||
| Barbara Smeltzer | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Former Director | |||||
| Cord Overton | Y | Y | Youth Coordinator | ||||||||
| Darrell Kearney | Y | Y | Secretary | ||||||||
| Jen Robertson | Y | Y | Secretary | ||||||||
| Katherine Polking | Y | Secretary | |||||||||
| Lindsay Gerber | Y | Y | Director | ||||||||
| Nicole Schlinger | Y | President | |||||||||
| Sandy Greiner | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | President/Director |
Other People
According to a 2008 profile at NPR, AFF leadership has included: Nicole Schlinger, Tim Albrecht, Lisa Lisker, Jan Van Lohuizen, Ed Tobin, Ben Ginsberg, Larry McCarthy, and Phil Musser.18Will Evans. โProfile: American Future Fund,โ NPR, August 20, 2008. Archived July 8, 2018. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/OOyEk
Iowa Republican state senator Sandra Greiner also was president of the group. According to most recently available tax forms, Allison Kleis served as the group’s president and secretary.19Jim Rutenberg, Don Van Natta, Jr. and Mike McIntire. โOffering Donors Secrecy, and Going on Attack,โ The New York Times, October 11, 2010. Archived July 9, 2019. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/J36iF
Actions
February 2, 2011
Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington (CREW) filed a complaint with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), suggesting that the American Future Fund (AFF) has violated tax law. Groups organized under section 501(c)(4) of the tax code must not make it their โprimary purposeโ to support or oppose political candidates.20โCREW: IRS: Exhibits in Complaint American Future Fund: 02/01/11,โ CREW, April 2011. Retrieved from Scribd. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
โThere is nothing wrong with working to elect Republicans, but you canโt violate the law to do it,โ said then-CREW Executive Director Melanie Sloan. โGiven the amount of money the American Future Fund spent on ads in the 2010 congressional elections, it seems clear the primary โ if not only โ goal of the group is to elect Republicans to Congress.โ21โCREW ASKS IRS TO INVESTIGATE AMERICAN FUTURE FUND,โ CREW. Archived July 9, 2019. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/ziZEh
โDespite the fact that AFF repeatedly told the IRS it had not and did not plan to support or oppose candidates for office or spend any money attempting to influence elections, AFF did exactly that through the 2010 campaign cycle,โ the original CREW letter alleged. โBecause of the serious nature of the tax law violations, the IRS should consider revoking the AFF’s tax-exempt status and/or impose appropriate excise taxes and penalties on the organization.22โDear Commissioner Shulmanโ (PDF), CREW, February 1, 2011. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
October 18, 2008
NPR, reporting as part of its โSecret Moneyโ series documenting spending on 2008 elections, highlighted the AFF’s ongoing ad campaign against Democratic Senate candidate Mark Udall in Colorado:23โSenate Roundup: The Usual Attacks And A Puzzler,โ NPR, October 18, 2008. Archived July 25, 2009. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/zrA5b
โThe ad implies Udall is bad on education, needs a ‘reality check,’ and then โ curiously โ urges him to support Senate bill 12,โ NPR reported.24โSenate Roundup: The Usual Attacks And A Puzzler,โ NPR, October 18, 2008. Archived July 25, 2009. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/zrA5b
โFirst of all, the bill was introduced by Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell (R-KY) in February and hasn’t gone anywhere since. Second, the bill’s only education provision is an ‘enhanced charitable deducation for corporate contributions of computer equipment for educational purposes.’ Third and perhaps most important, Udall is a member of the House of Representatives, not the Senate. He wouldn’t be able to vote for S. 12 unless he gets elected, an ambition the American Future Fund hopes to thwart.โ25โSenate Roundup: The Usual Attacks And A Puzzler,โ NPR, October 18, 2008. Archived July 25, 2009. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/zrA5b
Related Organizations
American Future Fund Political Action โ AFF’s PAC.26โABOUT US,โ American Future Fund. Archived July 8, 2019. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/d2rEN
Contact & Address
According to the AFF website:27โContact Us,โ American Future Fund. Archived July 8, 2019. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/msGBM
American Future Fund
6750 Westown Pkwy. #200 โ 156
West Des Moines, IA 50266
[email protected]
According to a 2010 article at The New York Times, when Representative Bruce Braley, a Democrat of Iowa went searching for AFF’s official address he found only a UPS store. A search of that address in Google Maps suggests that is accurate:
Social Media
- American Future Fund on Facebook.
- @AmFutureFund on Twitter.
- AmericanFutureFund on YouTube.
Other Resources
- โAmerican Future Fund,โ SourceWatch.
- โAmerican Future Fund,โ Factcheck.org, March 14, 2014.
Resources
- 1โABOUT US,โ American Future Fund. Archived July 8, 2019. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/d2rEN
- 2Will Evans. โProfile: American Future Fund,โ NPR, August 20, 2008. Archived July 8, 2018. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/OOyEk
- 3Jim Rutenberg, Don Van Natta, Jr. and Mike McIntire. โOffering Donors Secrecy, and Going on Attack,โ The New York Times, October 11, 2010. Archived July 9, 2019. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/J36iF
- 4โPlayers Guide 2010: American Future Fund,โ FactCheck.org, October 13, 2010. Archived November 25, 2019. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/zV1ZD
- 5Will Evans. โProfile: American Future Fund,โ NPR, August 20, 2008. Archived July 8, 2018. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/OOyEk
- 6โABOUT US,โ American Future Fund. Archived July 8, 2019. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/d2rEN
- 7Nicholas Confessore. โThree Nonprofits, Former Koch Brothersโ Associates, Fined by F.E.C.โ The New York Times, July 13, 2016. Archived July 9, 2019. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/4db0t
- 8Nicholas Confessore. โThree Nonprofits, Former Koch Brothersโ Associates, Fined by F.E.C.โ The New York Times, July 13, 2016. Archived July 9, 2019. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/4db0t
- 9Nicholas Confessore. โThree Nonprofits, Former Koch Brothersโ Associates, Fined by F.E.C.โ The New York Times, July 13, 2016. Archived July 9, 2019. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/4db0t
- 10โKoch Brothers Groups Hit With Massive Fines From CREW Complaint,โ CREW, July 1, 2016. Archived July 17, 2016. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/z9DU9
- 11โKoch Brothers Groups Hit With Massive Fines From CREW Complaint,โ CREW, July 1, 2016. Archived July 17, 2016. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/z9DU9
- 12Nicholas Confessore. โThree Nonprofits, Former Koch Brothersโ Associates, Fined by F.E.C.โ The New York Times, July 13, 2016. Archived July 9, 2019. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/4db0t
- 13Matea Gold. โKoch-backed political network, built to shield donors, raised $400 million in 2012 elections,โ The Washington Post, January 5, 2014. Archived July 9, 2019. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/k3DXg
- 14Jim Rutenberg, Don Van Natta, Jr. and Mike McIntire. โOffering Donors Secrecy, and Going on Attack,โ The New York Times, October 11, 2010. Archived July 9, 2019. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/J36iF
- 15Jim Rutenberg, Don Van Natta, Jr. and Mike McIntire. โOffering Donors Secrecy, and Going on Attack,โ The New York Times, October 11, 2010. Archived July 9, 2019. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/J36iF
- 16Jim Rutenberg, Don Van Natta, Jr. and Mike McIntire. โOffering Donors Secrecy, and Going on Attack,โ The New York Times, October 11, 2010. Archived July 9, 2019. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/J36iF
- 17โAmerican Future Fund Political Action,โ anedot.com. Archived July 8, 2019. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/MmYCo
- 18Will Evans. โProfile: American Future Fund,โ NPR, August 20, 2008. Archived July 8, 2018. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/OOyEk
- 19Jim Rutenberg, Don Van Natta, Jr. and Mike McIntire. โOffering Donors Secrecy, and Going on Attack,โ The New York Times, October 11, 2010. Archived July 9, 2019. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/J36iF
- 20โCREW: IRS: Exhibits in Complaint American Future Fund: 02/01/11,โ CREW, April 2011. Retrieved from Scribd. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 21โCREW ASKS IRS TO INVESTIGATE AMERICAN FUTURE FUND,โ CREW. Archived July 9, 2019. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/ziZEh
- 22โDear Commissioner Shulmanโ (PDF), CREW, February 1, 2011. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 23โSenate Roundup: The Usual Attacks And A Puzzler,โ NPR, October 18, 2008. Archived July 25, 2009. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/zrA5b
- 24โSenate Roundup: The Usual Attacks And A Puzzler,โ NPR, October 18, 2008. Archived July 25, 2009. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/zrA5b
- 25โSenate Roundup: The Usual Attacks And A Puzzler,โ NPR, October 18, 2008. Archived July 25, 2009. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/zrA5b
- 26โABOUT US,โ American Future Fund. Archived July 8, 2019. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/d2rEN
- 27โContact Us,โ American Future Fund. Archived July 8, 2019. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/msGBM
