Background

New York-based Interpublic Group, also known as IPG, is one of the world’s largest advertising and public relations holding companies, with offices in over 100 countries.

Its subsidiaries have worked for fossil fuel clients, including ExxonMobil, Saudi Aramco, Shell, Valero, and Phillips 66 in recent years. Weber Shandwick, McCann, UM, FCB, and Carmichael Lynch are several IPG companies with fossil fuel clients.¹See “Fossil Fuel Clients” table below.  

Contract with Valero

In December 2015, Valero named Campbell Ewald as its advertising and public relations agency of record.⁴Erik Oster. “Valero Energy Corporation Names Campbell Ewald AOR,” AgencySpy, December 9, 2015. Archived October 12, 2017. Archive URL: https://archive.is/f5e6s When Valero announced the partnership, Campbell Ewald President Kevin Wertz told advertising trade publication Agency Spy that “working with the world’s largest independent refiner and one of the biggest renewable fuels producers is very exciting. Valero’s leading ethical practices will help us create some truly purposeful work.”

Many of Valero’s advertising campaigns created while Campbell Ewald was its agency of record positioned the fossil fuel company as a leader in the energy transition.⁵“Valero – ‘Drive Clean’,” AdForum, 2016. Archived December 11, 2023. Archive URL: https://archive.is/PaqPV In 2022, Valero launched the “Right Now” campaign, which focused on the fossil fuel company’s investment in ethanol and diesel from waste feedstocks.⁶“Right Now: Fried Fuel,” Valero YouTube Account, August 8, 2022. Archived March 13, 2024. Archive URL: https://archive.is/yMeye Valero refers to these fuels as “low carbon fuels.”⁷ “ESG Report,” Valero, August 2023. Archived October 18, 2023. Archived .pdf available at DeSmog. The campaign continued advertising through the end of 2023 and advertised Valero’s involvement in a carbon capture pipeline.⁸“Valero TV Spot, ‘Trees’,” iSpotTV, March 31, 2023. Archived January 9, 2024. Archive URL: https://archive.is/cWWgl According to advertising intelligence service MediaRadar, Valero spent more than $2 million on television advertisements for the “Right Now” campaign.

Stance on Climate Change

IPG acknowledges the risk of climate change to its business.⁹“Interpublic Group of Companies, Inc. – Climate Change 2023,” Carbon Disclosure Project, 2023. Archived March 8, 2024. Archived .pdf available at DeSmog. In its 2023 report to the Carbon Disclosure Project, IPG said it sees publicizing its “visible commitment to sustainability” as a way to improve its reputation among clients.¹⁰“Interpublic Group of Companies, Inc. – Climate Change 2023,page 6,” Carbon Disclosure Project, 2023. Archived March 8, 2024. Archived .pdf available at DeSmog. 

In September 2022, IPG announced it would review the climate goals of prospective fossil fuel clients before agreeing to new work.¹¹(Press Release). “IPG Takes New Steps in Considering Energy and Fuel Clients,” IPG, September 23, 2022. Archived October 5, 2022. Archive URL: https://archive.is/yrcia IPG also stated that it would not work on messaging campaigns seeking to influence policy to “extend the life of fossil fuels.” 

As of December 2023, IPG held 24 contracts with fossil fuel clients.¹²See the “Select Fossil Fuel Clients” table.

Funding

In 2022, IPG reported a total revenue of $10.9 billion.¹³(Press Release). “Interpublic Announces Third Quarter and First Nine Months 2023 Results,” IPG, October 20, 2023. Archived March 13, 2024. Archive URL: https://archive.is/TZexG

Fossil Fuel Clients

Board of Directors

Actions

November 16, 2023

DeSmog reported that McCann was repitching itself to handle fossil fuel giant Aramco’s advertising work. McCann was already working for Aramco under contracts set to expire in 2024. One IPG employee told DeSmog there was “growing unease” among employees about the company’s work for Aramco.

September 23, 2022

IPG announced that it would review the climate policies of prospective fossil fuel clients before agreeing to new work with these clients.¹⁸⁰ (Press Release). “IPG Takes New Steps in Considering Energy and Fuel Clients,” IPG, September 23, 2022. Archived October 5, 2022. Archive URL: https://archive.is/yrcia IPG acknowledged that several of its subsidiaries currently worked for fossil fuel clients and that previous work failed to meet its new standards, including IPG’s commitment not to create public relations and advertising campaigns seeking to influence public policy in favor of fossil fuels.

September 19, 2022

Clean Creatives, a campaign to dissuade advertising and public relations firms from working with fossil fuel clients, featured IPG’s work for Saudi Aramco and other oil and gas companies on its annual “F List.”¹⁸¹“REPORT: The F-List 2022 Comprehensively Exposes Over 230 Ad and PR Agencies Working with Fossil Fuel Industry,” Clean Creatives, September 19, 2022. Archived December 22, 2022. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/Iw8KJ 

As part of the 2022 F List, Clean Creatives published a job posting from Well7, an IPG Mediabrands communications firm. Clean Creatives alleged that this subsidiary was created primarily to work for Aramco.¹⁸² Evie Barrett. “UN boss slams agencies for ‘raking in billions’ by ‘enabling’ fossil-fuel companies,” Campaign, September 23, 2022. Archived November 28, 2023. Archive URL: https://archive.is/iUKw8

The firm’s name refers to the first well that struck oil in Saudi Arabia in 1938. IPG did not respond to Clean Creatives’ allegation. 

December 2021

Valero launched the “Essential for Life” campaign, featuring video ads showing how fossil fuels were essential to keeping a child in the NICU alive.¹⁸³Brian Kahn. “The Nightmare Valero Site Claiming Fossil Fuels Are ‘Essential for Life’,” Gizmodo, January 28, 2022. Archived March 28, 2023. Archive URL: https://archive.is/PtIFM The ads directed viewers to the website valeroforlife.com, which was registered to Campbell Ewald.  

July 2021

Carmichael Lynch launched the advertising campaign “Energy is Everything” for Xcel Energy,¹⁸⁴“Xcel Energy: Energy is Everything,” Carmichael Lynch, 2021. Archived August 12, 2022. Archived screen recording available at DeSmog. a Minnesota-based¹⁸⁵“Investor Relations,” Xcel Energy, Archived February 19, 2024. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/ZV3cT gas and electric utility that serves Colorado, Michigan, Minnesota, New Mexico, North Dakota, South Dakota, Texas, and Wisconsin.¹⁸⁶“Communities Served,” Xcel Energy, Archived March 28, 2024. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/6yhhB Carmichael Lynch cultivated Xcel Energy’s climate-friendly image with paid posts on social media advertising Xcel’s announcement that it would rely on completely carbon-free energy by 2050.¹⁸⁷“Xcel Energy: Energy is Everything,” Carmichael Lynch, 2021. Archived August 12, 2022. Archived screen recording available at DeSmog. Around the same time the “Energy is Everything” ads were playing on Facebook and Instagram,¹⁸⁸ Xcel Energy. “Energy. It’s the sun, the wind and you. It’s a unifying force that will get us to a carbon-free future. You. Us. Together.,” Meta Ad Library, December 14, 2021. Archived .pdf available at DeSmog. Xcel Energy began funding Coloradans for Energy Access. This gas industry front group spread misinformation about electrification’s costs and supported expanded natural gas production. 

When Denver’s Channel 9 News asked Xcel why it advertises when many of its customers only have one option for an electric utility, Xcel Energy confirmed that some of its advertisements were paid for by consumer electricity bills.¹⁸⁹Marshall Zelinger. “Why is Xcel Energy advertising to a captive audience?” Channel 9 News, February 3, 2023. Archived December 13, 2023. Archive URL: https://archive.is/RnAmT

2020

Campbell Ewald launched the “Rescue Relay” campaign for Valero, which featured advertisements showing the fossil fuel company’s work to rescue dogs from kill shelters.¹⁹¹“Congrats to our fantastic CE Media team for winning a 2020 MediaPost Creative Media Award for their work on the Valero EnergyRescue Relay campaign,” Campbell Ewald Facebook Account, February 5, 2021. Archived copy available at DeSmog. Campbell Ewald copywriter and creative director David Bierman¹⁹²“About,” David Bierman, 2020. Archived January 28, 2020. Archive URL: https://archive.is/nY0vZ described the campaign’s objective on his website: “Most people don’t get the warm fuzzies about an oil company. We tried to change that by aligning Valero with a nationwide network of rescue relays who shepherd at-risk dogs from kill shelters to their forever homes.”¹⁹³David Bierman. “Valero Rescue Relay,” DavidBierman.com, 2020. Archived December 11, 2023. Archive URL: https://archive.is/QCbHE 

One video ad created by Campbell Ewald for the “Rescue Relay” campaign opened with a video of a dog and a voiceover that said, “Ducky is scheduled to be euthanized today.”¹⁹⁴David Bierman. “Valero Rescue Relay,” DavidBierman.com, 2020. Archived December 11, 2023. Archive URL: https://archive.is/QCbHE Instead, the dog is rescued, and the video ends with “Valero provides top-tier quality fuel to rescue relay organizations that help dogs like Ducky.” Campbell Ewald ran “Rescue Relay” advertisements on social media, and its video ads received over 32 million views.¹⁹⁵David Bierman. “Valero Rescue Relay,” DavidBierman.com, 2020. Archived December 11, 2023. Archive URL: https://archive.is/QCbHE Campbell Ewald won a MediaPost award for the campaign.¹⁹⁶“Planning & Buying Awards,” MediaPost, February 5, 2021. Archived December 11, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.is/IOM4N

2018 

Carmichael Lynch Relate launched “Choose Go” for Conoco, a campaign to improve the brand’s image with 18 to 24-year-olds.¹⁹⁷“Conoco: Choose Go by Carmichael Lynch,” The Drum, May 2018. Archived January 4, 2024. Archive URL: https://archive.is/vGH4X Carmichael Lynch Relate wrote on its website that the campaign’s digital outreach included memes and video games targeted toward young consumers.¹⁹⁸“Inspiring a younger audience to “Choose Go,” Carmichael Lynch Relate, 2018. Archived July 5, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.is/H3bAK Carmichael Lynch Relate also reported that “Conoco sold 40 million more gallons of gas in the campaign’s first five months compared to the year prior.” This line was removed¹⁹⁹Kathryn Lundstrom & Emmy Liederman. “Turning Agencies Against Fossil Fuel Brands Harkens Back to the Tobacco Wars,” AdWeek, October 25, 2021. Archived .pdf available at DeSmog. from the Carmichael Lynch Relate website after environmental journalist Molly Taft mentioned it in a 2021 article.²⁰⁰Molly Taft. “I Hate That Conoco Is So Good at Social Media,” Gizmodo, July 5, 2021. Archived July 5, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/DRdR6

December 2015

Valero named IPG subsidiary Campbell Ewald as its agency of record.²⁰¹Erik Oster. “Valero Energy Corporation Names Campbell Ewald AOR,” AgencySpy, December 9, 2015. Archived October 12, 2017. Archive URL: https://archive.is/f5e6s According to advertising trade publication Agency Spy, Valero was spending $10 to $15 million annually when it hired Campbell Ewald to handle media buying, advertising, and branding.

Related Organizations

Subsidiary: Weber Shandwick

Contact & Address

909 Third Avenue
New York, NY 10022 
USA
+1 (212) 704-1200

Social Media

• Facebook: Interpublic Group (IPG)
• LinkedIn: Interpublic Group (IPG)
• Instagram: interpublicipg
• X: @InterpublicIPG

Resources

• 1
  See “Fossil Fuel Clients” table below.
• 2
  “Dear New Yorkers who work at @mccann_mw 🌇 Do those emojis look eerily familiar? We’ll tell you this – orange is not your color. It’s great for that chunky cardigan you love – but not on your skyline. Why was the sky orange? Because fossil fuel companies like @Saudi Aramco, @Copec, and more keep polluting – and McCann still works for them. It’s not your fault. But you can fix it, and we can support you.✉️➡️DM us to learn how,” Instagram post by Clean Creatives, September 20, 2023. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/YI79L
• 3
  Campbell Ewald. “Valero – ‘Drive Clean’’,” AdForum, 2016. Archived December 11, 2023. Archive URL: https://archive.is/PaqPV
• 4
  Erik Oster. “Valero Energy Corporation Names Campbell Ewald AOR,” AgencySpy, December 9, 2015. Archived October 12, 2017. Archive URL: https://archive.is/f5e6s
• 5
  “Valero – ‘Drive Clean’,” AdForum, 2016. Archived December 11, 2023. Archive URL: https://archive.is/PaqPV
• 6
  “Right Now: Fried Fuel,” Valero YouTube Account, August 8, 2022. Archived March 13, 2024. Archive URL: https://archive.is/yMeye
• 7
   “ESG Report,” Valero, August 2023. Archived October 18, 2023. Archived .pdf available at DeSmog.
• 8
  “Valero TV Spot, ‘Trees’,” iSpotTV, March 31, 2023. Archived January 9, 2024. Archive URL: https://archive.is/cWWgl
• 9
  “Interpublic Group of Companies, Inc. – Climate Change 2023,” Carbon Disclosure Project, 2023. Archived March 8, 2024. Archived .pdf available at DeSmog.
• 10
  “Interpublic Group of Companies, Inc. – Climate Change 2023,page 6,” Carbon Disclosure Project, 2023. Archived March 8, 2024. Archived .pdf available at DeSmog.
• 11
  (Press Release). “IPG Takes New Steps in Considering Energy and Fuel Clients,” IPG, September 23, 2022. Archived October 5, 2022. Archive URL: https://archive.is/yrcia
• 12
  See the “Select Fossil Fuel Clients” table.
• 13
  (Press Release). “Interpublic Announces Third Quarter and First Nine Months 2023 Results,” IPG, October 20, 2023. Archived March 13, 2024. Archive URL: https://archive.is/TZexG
• 14
  “Jobs: Junior Account Manager,” Premier Group, c. 2024. Archived August 31, 2024. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/iEHmT
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• 17
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• 18
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• 19
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• 20
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• 22
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• 23
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• 24
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• 25
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• 26
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• 27
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• 28
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• 29
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• 30
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• 32
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• 33
  “Conoco TV Spot, ‘Fueling All the Ways You Go,” iSpotTV, November 14, 2023. Archived December 12, 2023. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/vttdK
• 34
  “Our Clients,” FCB Africa. Archived April 5, 2023. Archived .pdf available at DeSmog.
• 35
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• 36
  “Campaign – Saudi Arabia Report 2023,” Motivate Media Group Issuu Account, May 30, 2023. Archived .pdf available at DeSmog.
• 37
  “Our Partners,” Ensemble Worldwide, 2023. Archived February 3, 2023. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/eZVn7
• 38
  “Weber Shandwick,” LobbyFacts.eu, 2023. Archived January 2, 2024. Archived .xlsx available at DeSmog.
• 39
  “EFFIE TÜRKİYE 2023 – KAZANANLAR,” Effie Awards Turkey, 2023. Archived July 3, 2023. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/Fg6Eq
• 40
  “CL Media,” Carmichael Lynch, 2023. Archived May 29, 2023. Archived .mov available at DeSmog.
• 41
  “YPF | Científico,” Mercado McCann YouTube Account, January 6, 2023. Archived April 13, 2023. Archived .mov available at DeSmog.
• 42
  Calum Jaspan. “AGL to stay with UM after demerger dramas; creative undecided,” Mumbrella, July 28, 2022. Archived January 28, 2024. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/mYaK9
• 43
  “2022 Award Winners,” Public Relations & Communication Association Asia Pacific, 2022. Archived January 29, 2023. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/Xt6Ro
• 44
  “Come by the @Chevron Fan Energy HQ and show us what your energy can do!” @Chevron_Golf X Account, April 2, 2022. Archived December 14, 2023. Archive URL: https://archive.is/gbdfu “Fan Energy HQ,” Wildlife, Archived December 14, 2023. Archived .mov available at DeSmog.
• 45
  “COPEC Lo último de @eldiegoruiz para @mccann.santiago,” Cueca Films Instagram Account, August 23, 2022. Archived December 14, 2023. Archived .png available at DeSmog.
• 46
  Ashley Regan. “Initiative wins EnergyAustralia pitch,” Ad News, December 5, 2022. Archived December 5, 2022. Archive URL: https://archive.is/j41kh
• 47
  “Neste ano, nossa árvore foi decorada com bolas estampadas com as marcas dos nossos clientes,” WMcCann Brasil Instagram Account, December 23, 2022. Archived December 14, 2023. Archive URL: https://archive.is/MijFK
• 48
  “Shortlist for the Digital Media Awards 2023 released,” Campaign Asia, April 4, 2023. Archived April 5, 2023. Archive URL: https://archive.is/GQHKA
• 49
  Weber Shandwick. “Email Nurture Program Generates Qualified Leads Across 3 Sectors,” Weber Shandwick Medium Account, January 14, 2022. Archived December 28, 2023. Archive URL: https://archive.is/n7Vgo
• 50
  “Weber Shandwick,” LobbyFacts.eu, 2023. Archived January 2, 2024. Archived .xlsx available at DeSmog.
• 51
  Darcy Song. “Jemena hands creative account to IPG’s MBCS; stays with Initiative for media,” Mumbrella, January 25, 2023. Archived March 23, 2023. Archive URL: https://archive.is/PWykH
• 52
  Ricki Green. “KLEENHEAT APPOINTS INITIATIVE PERTH AS MEDIA AGENCY FOLLOWING A SELECTION PROCESS,” Campaign Brief, March 10, 2022. Archived March 29, 2023. Archive URL: https://archive.is/f3Vsw
• 53
  David Brown. “Why McCann made a 24-hour documentary,” The Message, November 23, 2022. Archived December 15, 2023. Archived .pdf available at DeSmog.
• 54
  Kim Shaw. “ENSEMBLE WORLDWIDE MALAYSIA CREATES TRIBUTE TO MALAYSIANS IN ORIGINAL DRAMA SERIES FOR PETRONAS,” Campaign Brief, February 14, 2022. Archived March 10, 2022. Archive URL: https://archive.is/IjNZ4
• 55
  [Press Release]. “Phillips 66® Honors Teachers as Part of the Big 12 Basketball Championships,” Phillips 66, March 11, 2022. Archived March 12, 2022. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/E2lEv
• 56
  “Weber Shandwick,” LobbyFacts.eu, 2023. Archived January 2, 2024. Archived .xlsx available at DeSmog.
• 57
  “Jack Morton Expands MENAT Operations to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia with Key Leadership Hires,” Little Black Book, October 11, 2022. Archived November 11, 2022. Archive URL: https://archive.is/aiTni
• 58
  Ishwari Khatu. “Mohammed Bahmishan to head FP7 McCann KSA,” Campaign Middle East, November 1, 2022. Archived November 1, 2022. Archive URL: https://archive.is/JxoCt
• 59
  “Charles Eddy joins MRM Middle East, North Africa & Turkey as general manager,” Campaign Middle East, March 4, 2022. Archived March 7, 2022. Archive URL: https://archive.is/TOU8h
• 60
  “Our Partners,” Ensemble Worldwide, Archived September 17, 2022. Archived .pdf available at DeSmog.
• 61
  “Weber Shandwick,” LobbyFacts.eu, 2023. Archived January 2, 2024. Archived .xlsx available at DeSmog.
• 62
  Brian Kahn. “Big Oil’s New Ad Campaign Is ‘One of the Creepiest’ It’s Ever Made,” Gizmodo, January 27, 2022. Archived Febraury 1, 2022. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/UnmBI
• 63
  “Right now. Valero,” Patrick Virgie, 2022. Archived September 26, 2023. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/SaIad
• 64
  “Xcel Energy Selects Carmichael Lynch As Agency of Record,” Carmichael Lynch, Cision PR Newswire, April 8, 2019. Archived January 7, 2020. Archive URL: https://archive.is/CEGSm
• 65
  “MERCADO MCCANN CELEBRA CON IMPULSO LOS 100 AÑOS DE YPF,” Latin Spots, January 27, 2022. Archived December 18, 2023. Archived .pdf available at DeSmog.
• 66
  Miranda Ward. “AGL hunts for new ad agencies as Mike Cannon-Brookes disrupts demerger,” Financial Review, May 9, 2022. Archived June 10, 2022. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/docU5
• 67
  “Unidade da McCann Worldgroup, torna-se MRM Brasil,” AdNews, April 5, 2021. Archived April 11, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.is/cXcYA
• 68
  “Who we do it with,” Momentum Worldwide, Archived March 2, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/dNvHB
• 69
  “WEBER SHANDWICK ID CARD,” Association of Accredited Public Policy Advocates to the European Union, May 5, 2021. Archived May 13, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.is/ebvkK
• 70
  “Equinor: Two Decades of Operation in Brazil,” WMcCann, September 27, 2021. Archived January 28, 2023. Archive URL: https://archive.is/LZV9f
• 71
  [Press Release]. “UM Named Media Agency of Record for NYC & Company ‘It’s Time for New York City’,” PR Newswire, June 24, 2021. Archived July 3, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/bYZUn
• 72
  Weber Shandwick. “Email Nurture Program Generates Qualified Leads Across 3 Sectors,” Weber Shandwick Medium Account, January 14, 2022. Archived December 28, 2023. Archive URL: https://archive.is/n7Vgo
• 73
  “Weber Shandwick,” Lobby Facts.eu, August 30, 2022. Archived January 3, 2024. Archived .pdf available at DeSmog.
• 74
  Darcy Song. “Jemena hands creative account to IPG’s MBCS; stays with Initiative for media,” Mumbrella, January 25, 2023. Archived March 23, 2023. Archive URL: https://archive.is/PWykH
• 75
  “Weber Shandwick,” Lobby Facts.eu, August 30, 2022. Archived January 3, 2024. Archived .pdf available at DeSmog.
• 76
  David Brown. “Why Petro-Canada is celebrating coaches for the Olympics,” The Message, August 4, 2021. Archived September 25, 2023. Archive URL: https://archive.is/qxlVn
• 77
  “Petronas Campaign in Malaysia Emphasizes a Message of Hope and Joy for Merdeka and Malaysia Day,” Branding in Asia, September 3, 2021. Archived October 24, 2023. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/2RXBJ
• 78
  “Carmichael Lynch Relate: Client List,” PRovoke Media, 2021. Archived December 12, 2023. Archive URL: https://archive.is/8Wmnn
• 79
  “Weber Shandwick,” Lobby Facts.eu, August 30, 2022. Archived January 3, 2024. Archived .pdf available at DeSmog.
• 80
  Ishwari Khatu. “Marketing Game Changer 2022: Aramco’s Kirk Collingwood,” Campaign Middle East, December 20, 2022. Archived December 21, 2022. Archive URL: https://archive.is/An1QT
• 81
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• 82
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• 83
  Brian Kahn. “Big Oil’s New Ad Campaign Is ‘One of the Creepiest’ It’s Ever Made,” Gizmodo, January 27, 2022. Archived Febraury 1, 2022. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/UnmBI
• 84
  “Xcel Energy – Carbon Free – Energy is Everything,” AdForum, 2021. Archived December 12, 2023. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/rpbXE
• 85
  “YPF Luz | Generación,” Mercado McCann Youtube Account, June 25, 2021. Archived April 13, 2023.
• 86
  “Weber Shandwick,” LobbyFacts.eu, September 10, 2021. Archived January 3, 2024. Archived .pdf available at DeSmog.
• 87
  Miranda Ward. “AGL hunts for new ad agencies as Mike Cannon-Brookes disrupts demerger,” Financial Review, May 9, 2022. Archived June 10, 2022. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/docU5
• 88
  “E/OU-MRM conquista conta digital da BR Distribuidora,” ABC da Comunicacao, July 14, 2020. Archived December 14, 2023. Archive URL: https://archive.is/Bj6ak
• 89
  “Kaleido Awards ’20 Winners,” Brand Equity, 2020. Archived December 4, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/pL6pT
• 90
  “Who we do it with,” Momentum Worldwide, Archived October 28, 2020. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/MXg0P
• 91
  “Pese a la crisis chilena, McCann Santiago cerró positivamente el año,” Insider, January 15, 2020. Archived August 5, 2020. Archive URL: https://archive.is/SVAn1
• 92
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• 93
  “UM’S ARIELLE GARCIA: PRIVACY MUST BECOME A BUSINESS IMPERATIVE,” IPG MediaBrands, July 30, 2020. Archived June 6, 2023. Archive URL: https://archive.is/gUZOJ
• 94
  “Exxon Mobil Rewards+ App TV Spot, ‘Your Next Fill Up’,” iSpotTV, August 8, 2020. Archived September 20, 2020. Archive URL: https://archive.is/XCAkY
• 95
  Weber Shandwick. “Email Nurture Program Generates Qualified Leads Across 3 Sectors,” Weber Shandwick Medium Account, January 14, 2022. Archived December 28, 2023. Archive URL: https://archive.is/n7Vgo
• 96
  “Weber Shandwick,” LobbyFacts.eu, September 10, 2021. Archived January 3, 2024. Archived .pdf available at DeSmog.
• 97
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