Big Oil Rallies to Obstruct Accountability

Fossil fuel interests are deploying unprecedented strategies to hide evidence of companiesโ€™ deception and block liability lawsuits before they reach trial.
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Far-right industry allies with ties to Chevron have mounted an โ€œunprecedentedโ€ pressure campaign calling on the Supreme Court to stop a potentially historic climate deception lawsuit against oil majors from going to trial. Graphic design by Tess Abbot

This article by ExxonKnews is published here as part of the global journalism collaboration Covering Climate Now.

In the face of mounting scrutiny from local, state, and federal officials, fossil fuel companies and their allies are deploying a range of tactics to obstruct ongoing lawsuits and investigations concerning evidence that the industry has misled the public about the harms it knew its products would cause to the climate, environment, and human health.

Far-right industry allies with ties to Chevron have mounted an โ€œunprecedentedโ€ pressure campaign calling on the Supreme Court to stop a potentially historic climate deception lawsuit against oil majors from going to trial. Republican attorneys general are separately urging the Supreme Court to throw out similar climate fraud lawsuits from five states. Plastics industry trade associations are suing the California state attorney generalโ€™s office to block an investigation into whether oil companies lied about plastic recycling. And fossil fuel giants and their trade groups have responded to congressional subpoenas with highly redacted records and โ€œbaselessโ€ First Amendment legal defenses.ย 

โ€œI think weโ€™re seeing an escalation by the industry to do anything it can to avoid being held accountable for the consequences of climate change,โ€ said Lisa Graves, executive director of investigative watchdog group True North Research and an expert on dark money special interest groups. โ€œIt continues to try to thwart efforts to try to mitigate climate change and it continues to try to stop efforts to get any compensation for the harms it has caused, not just through the burning of fossil fuels but also by the delay and deceit that it has promoted through front groups.โ€

State and local climate lawsuits, which accuse oil and gas majors of lying about the dangers of fossil fuels and seek to hold them accountable for the resulting damages, are advancing in state courts despite the industryโ€™s efforts. Most recently, a Colorado judge denied nearly all motions by ExxonMobil and Suncor Energy to dismiss the City and County of Boulderโ€™s case against them. 

Itโ€™s the fifth time to date that a court has rejected Big Oilโ€™s efforts to dismiss climate accountability lawsuits โ€” bringing the companies closer to facing trial and potentially billions of dollars in liability. If any of the cases go to trial, said Michael Gerrard, director of the Sabin Center for Climate Change Law at Columbia University, โ€œit will shine a very harsh light on the fossil fuel companies and it could lead to crushing monetary judgments.โ€

โ€œClearly the defendants here are using everything they can think of to derail these cases,โ€ Gerrard said. That attitude has been most evident in Big Oilโ€™s response to a lawsuit from Honolulu, which could be among the first communities to put the companies on trial. 

In February, oil company defendants โ€” including Exxon, Chevron, BP, and Shell โ€” petitioned the U.S. Supreme Court to review a Hawaiโ€˜i state Supreme Court ruling that allowed Honoluluโ€™s case to move toward trial. The case, the companies argued in their petition, is preempted by federal law and should be dismissed. 

But after traditional legal arguments have failed to shield the industry to date, allies seem to be turning to more extreme and novel measures.

Leonard Leo to the Rescue?

In the weeks and months before the Supreme Court was scheduled to hear Big Oilโ€™s petition in Honoluluโ€™s lawsuit, a flood of social media ads and op-eds called for the Supreme Court justices to take up โ€” and throw out โ€” the case.

โ€œTo end this nuisance charade, the Supreme Court needs to take up the Honolulu case and declare once and for all that public nuisance is for local issues, not global climate change,โ€ reads the narrator of one such video ad posted to X. 

The name behind that ad, the Alliance for Consumers, is part of an organization called the Concord Fund, formerly known as the Judicial Crisis Network. Those groups, Graves and others have pointed out, are projects of billionaire Leonard Leo, head of the far-right legal advocacy group the Federalist Society and known as the architect of the current Supreme Court. CRC Advisors โ€” one of the Leo-backed companies in the effort โ€” appears to have had Chevron, a defendant in Honoluluโ€™s case, as a client.

The fossil fuel industry also helped fund the Federalist Society, and partners at major law firms representing oil and gas companies โ€” including Theodore Olson of Gibson Dunn, the law firm representing Chevron against Honolulu and other communitiesโ€™ climate liability cases โ€” sit on its board

Former Hawaiโ€˜i Supreme Court Justice Michael Wilson, who served on the stateโ€™s highest court for a decade, called the pressure campaign targeting the Supreme Court a โ€œpowerful interventionโ€ by โ€œthe strongest special interest group in the history of human civilization.โ€ 

โ€œThis is the most important case in the United States from the point of view that it will allow a jury of citizens to see the fraud and to decide what to do about it,โ€ said Wilson. โ€œThis is a high-risk strategy that shows that the fossil fuel industry is desperate.โ€

Oil companies, which quietly funded front groups like the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) to sow climate denial and oppose climate action on their behalf, are now rallying their allies and benefactors to strike at lawsuits that seek to hold them accountable, explained Graves. In April, 20 Republican attorneys general filed a brief with the U.S. Supreme Court in support of the oil companiesโ€™ petition.

The attorneys general are all members of the Republican Attorneys General Association, or RAGA, which helps Republican attorneys general with their election or reelection campaigns. Its top donor in 2024 was Leoโ€™s Concord Fund.

โ€œThe Leo-tied groups are a soup-to-nuts intervention machine, from the Republican attorneys general to the judges he helped put on the court,โ€ said Graves.

In June, the Supreme Court delivered a one-line order asking the U.S. Justice Department to weigh in on the case โ€” an โ€œextraordinaryโ€ response at this stage, according to Wilson, considering that the case has not yet gone to trial. If the Solicitor General neglects to weigh in before the election, that response could be in the hands of a Trump administration. Trump has promised that if re-elected, he will โ€œstop the wave of frivolous litigation from environmental extremists.โ€  

A โ€˜Highly Unusualโ€™ Request

In May, 19 members of RAGA made a โ€œhighly unusualโ€ request to the Supreme Court: to intervene in and undermine climate accountability lawsuits filed by five states โ€” California, Connecticut, Minnesota, New Jersey, and Rhode Island โ€” claiming that their cases would impose โ€œruinous liabilityโ€ on fossil fuel companies and threaten โ€œour basic way of life.โ€ 

The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction over disputes between states โ€” meaning it can hear a case without it first being heard by another court โ€”  but such challenges are more commonly brought over issues like water rights, said Gerrard of Columbiaโ€™s Sabin Center. โ€œIโ€™ve never previously heard of an instance where thereโ€™s an effort to invoke the original jurisdiction of the [U.S.] Supreme Court to swat down litigation,โ€ he said.

RAGA obtains some of its largest donations from the fossil fuel industry โ€” including Koch Industries, Exxon, and the American Petroleum Institute, all of whom are defendants in climate liability cases โ€” according to an analysis by the Center for Media and Democracy. 

โ€œThese AGs have now placed their allegiance directly with the special interest group that is threatening the survival of future generations,โ€ said Wilson.

The filing argues that โ€œoil and natural gas have supported improvements in environmental quality and have reduced weather-related deaths,โ€ and claims that โ€œAmericaโ€™s air is cleaner than a century ago thanks in part to the increased use of oil and natural gas.โ€

It isnโ€™t the first time Republican attorneys general have rushed to shield oil companies from accountability for their climate deception โ€” and overtly used climate denialist talking points first leveraged by Big Oil in their defense. In 2016, Exxon sued the attorneys general of New York and Massachusetts in an attempt to block investigations into the companyโ€™s private research and public communications about climate change, claiming the probe was an attack on their free speech and other constitutional rights. 

Republican attorneys general from 12 states filed a 2018 brief in support of the oil giant, arguing that โ€œClimate change is the subject of legitimate international debate.โ€ 

โ€œ[T]he most undeniable fact about climate change is that, like so many other areas of science and public policy, the debate remains unsettled, the research is far from complete, and the path forward is unclear,โ€ they wrote.

A(nother) First Amendment Fight

Another industry strategy to block accountability is playing out in response to California Attorney General Rob Bontaโ€™s investigation into whether Exxon and other petrochemical companies deceived the public about the efficacy of plastic recycling as a solution to plastic waste. In May, the American Chemistry Council and Plastics Industry Association โ€” two major trade groups representing oil and chemical giants including Exxon, Chevron, Amoco, Dow, and DuPont โ€” filed a lawsuit against the attorney general in federal court, claiming the investigation violates their free speech rights.

Bonta, who had said he would decide whether to sue Exxon by the summer, responded with petitions asking the Sacramento County Superior Court to order the groups to comply with his officeโ€™s subpoenas.

โ€œFor years, the plastics industry has engaged in an aggressive campaign to deceive the public, perpetuating a myth that recycling can solve the plastics waste and pollution crisis,โ€ Bonta said in a statement. โ€œThe continuous delay tactics are failing to comply with our subpoena. Enough is enough: What are they trying to hide?โ€

Members of Congress have similarly accused the Big Oil companies of trying to obstruct investigations. 

When Senate Budget Chairman Sheldon Whitehouse (D-RI) and House Oversight Ranking Member Jamie Raskin (D-MD) referred their years-long investigation into the industryโ€™s climate deception to the Justice Department, the lawmakers wrote that โ€œsome companies claimed that the First Amendment or undefined โ€˜privilegeโ€™ protected them from the House Oversight Committeeโ€™s subpoena.โ€ The main subjects of that investigation have been Exxon, Shell, Chevron, BP, API, and the U.S. Chamber of Commerce.

โ€œThe companies further obstructed the investigation by significantly redacting or entirely withholding more than 4,000 documents without any valid basis,โ€ the lawmakers wrote, adding that their refusal to comply โ€œprovides a basis to infer that there is even more damning evidence of deceptive practices by the companies and their trade associations waiting to be uncovered.โ€

Fossil fuel companies and the law firms representing them have used a First Amendment defense to try to dismiss the climate accountability lawsuits, claiming company statements on climate change are protected political speech. One of the most prominent voices for that argument have been attorneys at Gibson Dunn, the firm that represents Chevron, and whose partner Theodore Olson sits on the Federalist Society board. 

If these โ€œovertโ€ and โ€œbrazenโ€ efforts to escape accountability can be overcome, the industry will no doubt face a reckoning, said Wilson, the former Hawaiโ€˜i Supreme Court justice. Communities like Honolulu โ€œare being ravaged by climateโ€ and โ€œwill apply the rule of law fairly,โ€ he said. 

โ€œHawaiโ€˜i is not a place that can be manipulated by the fossil fuel industry. That is a very big threat to the most powerful special interest group thatโ€™s now maintaining its power based on complicity.โ€

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