Net Zero Scrutiny Group

Background

The Net Zero Scrutiny Group (NZSG) is made up of backbench Conservative MPs, including former government ministers, and opposes many of the governmentโ€™s net zero policies. The NZSG was formed in 2021 ahead of the UN COP26 climate summit, hosted by the UK in Glasgow, Scotland, and publicly launched in January 2022.

The NZSG claims to accept climate science, but the group has a number of strong institutional links with the Global Warming Policy Foundation (GWPF), the UKโ€™s most prominent climate science denial organisation. 

The NZSG is led by chair Craig Mackinlay and founder Steve Baker

Mackinlay, who employs the GWPFโ€™s head of policy Harry Wilkinson as a parliamentary aide, has said that the government should โ€œpause for breath before running further and faster to a net-zero electoral disaster based upon uncosted fairytalesโ€.1โ€œGWPF calls for pause and rethink of unaffordable Net Zero plans,โ€ Global Warming Policy Forum, August 6, 2021. Archived January 31, 2022. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/pfMcB 

Baker was a trustee of the GWPF from May 20212Rachel Sherrington. โ€œโ€˜Brexit Hardmanโ€™ Steve Baker MP Joins Climate Denial Group,โ€ DeSmog, May 21, 2021. to September 8, 2022, when he stepped down the day after his appointment as Minister of State in the Northern Ireland Office.3GOV.UK. โ€œTHE GLOBAL WARMING POLICY FOUNDATION: Officers,โ€ Companies House, September 8, 2022. Archived September 8, 2022. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/jieE1 He is a vocal critic of the governmentโ€™s net zero policies, telling Sky News in a January 2022 interview that he โ€œgenuinely believe[s] that when the full costs of net zero start hitting us, if people have never been given a choice at the ballot box, we could end up with something bigger than the poll tax, certainly bigger than Brexit, because the numbers of people hit by it and their inability to cope will be hugeโ€.4Hannah Thomas-Peter. โ€œNet zero targets could cause more unrest and division than Brexit, Tory MP warns,โ€ Sky News, January 21, 2022. Archived January 21, 2022. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/Tm1Py 

In August 2021, Mackinlay indicated that the Net Zero Scrutiny Group would use research by the GWPF in its campaign.5Jess Shankleman and Alex Morales. โ€œBoris Johnsonโ€™s Ambition for Climate Deal Hit by Tory Party Infighting,โ€ Bloomberg, August 5, 2021. Archived December 11, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/gyeWY 

NZSG members also have close ties to the Brexit-backing Conservative parliamentary group the European Research Group (ERG); the free-market Institute of Economic Affairs (IEA); and anti-fuel duty lobbying group FairFuelUK.

In January 2022, 20 NZSG members wrote a letter to the Telegraph calling for prime minister Boris Johnson and Chancellor Rishi Sunak to lessen the impact of inflation and โ€œcost-of-living pressuresโ€ by removing VAT and environmental levies on domestic energy.6โ€œLetters: Itโ€™s time to overhaul the testing regime and get Britain moving again,โ€ The Telegraph, January 2, 2022. Archived February 11, 2022. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/LaeNS 

The letter, which was the first major media intervention by the NZSG, claimed that the โ€œClimate Change Levy on business energy useโ€ was โ€œmaking UK energy-intensive businesses uncompetitiveโ€ and called for a โ€œnew approach to our energy security,โ€ meaning increased North Sea exploration for oil and gas and support for fracking.7โ€œLetters: Itโ€™s time to overhaul the testing regime and get Britain moving again,โ€ The Telegraph, January 2, 2022. Archived February 11, 2022. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/LaeNS

In February 2022, the Telegraph reported that 29 MPs and one Conservative peer had written a letter to Prime Minister Boris Johnson calling on him to end the โ€œunconservativeโ€ ban on fracking in the UK, which has been in place since 2019.8Edward Malnick. โ€œTory grandees urge Boris Johnson to lift โ€˜unconservativeโ€™ ban on fracking,โ€ The Telegraph, February 12, 2022. Archived February 14, 2022. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/JsAdK 

The letter was organised by Mackinlay and Baker and reportedly signed by NZSG members including Julian Knight, as well as former Brexit Minister David Frost.9Edward Malnick. โ€œTory grandees urge Boris Johnson to lift โ€˜unconservativeโ€™ ban on fracking,โ€ The Telegraph, February 12, 2022. Archived February 14, 2022. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/JsAdK  The Guardian reported that Mackinlay and Baker declined to share the names of other signatories.10Peter Walker. โ€œDavid Frost joins Tory MPs in calls for return of fracking in UK,โ€ The Guardian, February 13, 2022. Archived February 21, 2022. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/DD4nQ 

Stance on Climate Change

While the NZSG reportedly accepts the โ€œfundamental factsโ€ of climate change and the need to reduce emissions, the group argues that the governmentโ€™s plans to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 are too rapid and expensive.11Helena Horton and Matthew Taylor. โ€œโ€˜Itโ€™s all a bit cynicalโ€™: the politicians behind the Tory attack on net zero agenda,โ€ The Guardian, February 8, 2022. Archived February 21, 2022. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/FWNeK 12Anushka Asthana. โ€œTory backbenchers prepare to fight cost of net zero greenhouse gas emissions,โ€ ITV News, July 31, 2021. Archived February 19, 2022. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/9Y2rQ 

NZSG chair Craig Mackinlay was quoted in The Times in August 2021 saying: โ€œI am not a climate-change denier. Iโ€™m concerned that our electors of the future will be huddling round their heat-pump radiators and paying off the debt on an electric vehicle they never wanted either as they look wistfully at China, Indonesia and other nations still enjoying cheap energy from some of the dirtiest fossil fuels.โ€13Steven Swinford, Oliver Wright, and Matt Dathan. โ€œCabinet tensions heat up the road to Cop26,โ€ The Times, August 14, 2021. Archived August 14, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/gGOJM 

At a Conservative Party conference event in October 2021, hosted by the libertarian Institute of Economic Affairs, NZSG leader Steve Baker said that โ€œa lot of the [climate] science is absolutely settled,โ€ acknowledging that carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas and that โ€œweโ€™ve emitted plenty of itโ€. However, Baker added that a lot of climate science is โ€œactually still contestableโ€ and is โ€œsometimes propagandisedโ€, stating that some of the scenarios produced by the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) are โ€œimplausibleโ€.

Philip Davies, NZSG member and one of only five MPs to vote against the UKโ€™s Climate Change Act in 2008, sent a letter to his constituents just before the UK government hosted the 2021 COP26 climate summit in Glasgow criticising the governmentโ€™s net zero plans. He wrote that the UK’s net-zero climate targets will “make no difference at all” and called them “virtue signalling gesture politicsโ€.14โ€œClimate Change Act Volume 567: debated on Tuesday 10 September 2013,โ€ Hansard, September 10, 2013. Archived January 28, 2022. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/3qRyl 15Kristian Johnson. โ€œTory MP claims climate targets are ‘virtue signalling gesture politics’ just a week before COP26 summit,โ€ Examiner Live, October 25, 2021. Archived October 26, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/mexdV 

Lord Peter Lilley, a former GWPF trustee and another of the five MPs to vote against the UKโ€™s Climate Change Act in 2008, is also a member of the NZSG. In 2021, Lilley โ€“ a self-proclaimed โ€œlukewarmistโ€, spoke to the Independent about concerns from climate campaigners about his appointment to the Lordsโ€™ Environment and Climate Change Committee, saying: โ€œI am amused at how alarmed the alarmists are about someone being appointed to a committee on climate change who entirely accepts the science of global warming and may ask inconvenient questions about what scientific evidence there is for alarmist claims!โ€16โ€œClimate Change Volume 498: debated on Thursday 5 November 2009,โ€ Hansard, November 5, 2009. Archived February 16, 2022. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/2Sxji 17Tom Batchelor. โ€œTory peer with strong links to climate denial appointed to panel overseeing governmentโ€™s environment policy,โ€ The Independent, April 15, 2021. Archived April 16, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/ZTdOW 

Despite tweeting that he is a โ€œhuge supporter of #NetZeroโ€, in March 2021 NZSG member Mark Jenkinson, MP for Workington, said to colleagues in a private chat that the government had โ€œbowed to climate terroristsโ€ after its decision to order a public inquiry into the controversial Cumbia coal mine project, according to reporting by The Sun. Jenkinson later shared a statement that called the decision a โ€œcapitulation to climate alarmistsโ€.18โ€œIโ€™m a huge supporter of #NetZero – but that has to take account of production, transport and usage, and our efforts abroad. We also seem to forget in a lot of our discourse that Net Zero (relative to 1990) is not absolute Zero.โ€ Tweet by user @markjenkinsonmp, August 7, 2021. Archived August 7, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/Y9va2 19Natasha Clark and Harry Cole. โ€œMINE THE GAP Ministers intervene in furious row over Cumbria coal mine and order fresh public inquiry,โ€ The Sun, March 11, 2021. Archived March 11, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/Dn5J6 20โ€œMy statement on tonightโ€™s announcement re: West Cumbria Mining.โ€ Facebook post by user Mark Jenkinson MP, March 11, 2021. Archived .png on file at DeSmog. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/1F14p 

Some NZSG members appear to support the current governmentโ€™s policies on climate change, including NZSG member Damien Moore, MP for Southport, who wrote in 2020: โ€œThe UK Government has decided to become the world leader in low cost clean power generation โ€“ cheaper than coal and gas; and we believe that in ten yearsโ€™ time offshore wind will be powering every home in the country.โ€21โ€œThe Government is determined to progress with plans for the green industrial revolution with gale force speed, creating hundreds of thousands of jobs within the next ten years. […] Imagine that future โ€“ with high-skilled, green-collar jobs in wind, solar, nuclear, hydrogen and in carbon capture and storage.โ€ Facebook post by user Damien Moore MP, October 7, 2020. Archived .png on file at DeSmog. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/kS88S 

Craig Tracey, MP for North Warwickshire, appears to support the governmentโ€™s climate policies thus far, writing on his website that โ€œtackling climate change is at the forefront of many people’s mindsโ€ and that he is โ€œpleased this is being taken extremely seriously by the governmentโ€.22โ€œClimate Change and the Environment,โ€ Craig Tracey MP. Archived January 21, 2020. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/tFD6p 

Anne Marie Morris, MP for Newton Abbot, has written strongly in support of climate policies, including cutting coal use for energy and increasing renewable energy capacity, and has called for requirements to install solar panels on new industrial buildings and the installation of charging points for electric vehicles.23โ€œClimate Change and Environment Policy,โ€ Anne Marie Morris MP. Archived November 3, 2019.  Archive URL: https://archive.ph/RGCPs 

Key People

Members

The NZSG has never published a full list of members. The following list of members is based on signatories of an open letter in favour of fracking organised by the NZSG in February 2022:24Edward Malnick. โ€œTory grandees urge Boris Johnson to lift โ€˜unconservativeโ€™ ban on fracking,โ€ The Telegraph, February 12, 2022. Archived February 14, 2022. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/JsAdK

  • Craig Mackinlay MP
  • Steve Baker MP
  • Esther McVey MP
  • Robert Halfon MP
  • Julian Knight MP
  • Anne Marie Morris MP 
  • Andrew Bridgen MP
  • David Jones MP 
  • Scott Benton MP 
  • Damien Moore MP 
  • Mark Jenkinson MP 
  • Andrew Lewer MP 
  • Karl McCartney MP 
  • Marcus Fysh MP 
  • Lee Anderson MP 
  • Philip Davies MP โ€“ GB News host.
  • Greg Smith MP
  • Adam Holloway MP 
  • Craig Tracey MP
  • Lord Peter Lilley
  • John Whittigdale MP 
  • Bob Blackman MP โ€“ 1922 committee executive secretary
  • Lord David Frost โ€“ advisory board member of the GWPF and former Brexit secretary.

Political Supporters 

This includes MPs and members of the House of Lords, not published in the previous list, whose support for NZSG was revealed in an open letter calling to pull back the UKโ€™s emissions trading system (ETS) organised by NZSG in June 2023.25โ€œLetters: Let the public decide whether they want to pay for BBC programmes,โ€ The Telegraph, June 28, 2023. Archived June 28, 2023. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/N5L4D

  • Jacob Rees-Mogg MP โ€“ GB News host and former minister for Brexit Opportunities.
  • Lord David Frost โ€“ former Brexit minister and GWPF advisory board member.
  • Iain Duncan Smith MP โ€“ founder of the Centre for social justice.
  • Andrea Jenkyns MP โ€“ also a GWPF advisory board member.
  • Miriam Cates MP โ€“ spoke at the National Conservatism Conference 2023 and ARC advisory board member.
  • Sir John Redwood MP
  • Jack Brereton MP
  • Robert Syms MP
  • Mark Francois MP
  • David Jones MP
  • Jonathan Gullis MP 
  • Bob Seely MP
  • Holly Mumby-Croft MP
  • Chris Green MP
  • Kelly Tolhurst MP 
  • Phillip Hollobone MP
  • Marco Longhi MP
  • Sammy Wilson MP
  • Lord Daniel Moylan
  • Baroness Ruth Lea
  • Lord Ian Macpherson 
  • Baroness Jacqueline Foster

Related individuals

This includes supporters of the NZSG who do not currently sit in parliament:

Actions

June 28, 2023

In a letter published in The Telegraph, NZSG supporters called for the UKโ€™s emissions trading scheme (ETS) to be pulled back in the name of โ€œBritish energy security,โ€ and to ensure that โ€œETS does not put British industry out of business.โ€26โ€œLetters: Let the public decide whether they want to pay for BBC programmes,โ€ The Telegraph, June 28, 2023. Archived June 28, 2023. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/N5L4D

The letter claimed that โ€œWhile the ETS was intended to encourage industry to decarbonise, costs have spiralled in an unsustainable way.โ€

The letter was signed by the following NSZG supporters:

  • Craig Mackinlay MP (Con)
  • Sir Iain Duncan-Smith MP (Con)
  • Sir Jacob Rees-Mogg MP (Con)
  • Lord Frost (Con)
  • Esther McVey MP (Con)
  • Sir John Redwood (Con)
  • Dame Andrea Jenkyns (Con)
  • Sir Robert Syms (Con)
  • Mark Francois (Con)
  • David Jones (Con)
  • Kelly Tolhurst (Con)
  • Sammy Wilson (DUP)
  • Andrew Lewer (Con)
  • Jack Brereton (Con)
  • Miriam Cates (Con)
  • Chris Green (Con)
  • Jonathan Gullis (Con)
  • Philip Hollobone (Con)
  • Adam Holloway (Con)
  • Julian Knight (Ind)
  • Marco Longhi (Con)
  • Karl McCartney (Con)
  • Holly Mumby-Croft (Con)
  • Philip Davies (Con)
  • Bob Seely (Con)
  • Greg Smith (Con)
  • Andrew Bridgen (Reclaim)
  • Scott Benton (Ind)
  • Baroness Foster of Oxton (Con)
  • Baroness Lea of Lymm (Con)
  • Lord Lilley (Con)
  • Lord Moylan (Con)
  • Lord Strathcarron (Con)

This includes a number of high-profile people connected to climate denial organisations who have not previously signed NSZG letters: Jacob Rees-Mogg, John Redwood, Andrea Jenkyns, Miriam Cates and Iain Duncan-Smith among others.

March 28, 2023

In an article published in The Telegraph, a number of NZSG members criticised the UKโ€™s net zero plans, and including the ban of new petrol and diesel vehicles by 2030, following a last-minute EU decision to allow โ€œe-fuelsโ€ to be sold beyond the 2040 internal combustion engine ban date. NZSG supporters and members Philip Davies, John Redwood, Greg Smith and Iain Duncan Smith argued for the 2030 deadline to be pushed back, and to allow the sale of internal combustion engines running on e-fuels.27Daniel Martin, Howard Mustoe and Oliver Gill. โ€œNet zero ban on petrol cars in chaos after Brussels climbdown,โ€ The Telegraph, March 28, 2023. Archived March 28, 2023. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/R6zVZ

Philip Davies, who is also a presenter on GB News, called the 2030 deadline โ€œidiotic,โ€ adding โ€œit’s a devil when you’re getting more common sense out of the EU than you are the UK Government.โ€

John Redwood, who signed a NZSG letter in 2023, said โ€œThe Government needs to listen to the Germans and take advice on this. The more permissive an economy is, and the fewer bans there are, the better to promote growth.โ€

Greg Smith, who is also a member of the transport select committee said:

“The 2030 ambition isn’t realistic in the first place and we need the innovators and the automotive companies to be given the time and space to produce new technologies and solutions, not just jump the betamax that’s available now.”

Iain Duncan Smith, Former conservative leader who signed a NZSG open letter in 2023, said: โ€œThe 2030 deadline for the elimination of petrol and diesel engine cars in the UK is simply not achievable. Unless we delay, we hand a massive boost to the Chinese car manufacturers. They are already dominant.โ€

September 4, 2022

In a letter published by The Telegraph, members of the NZSG wrote that fracking should be restarted in the UK, and argued that gas projects should be โ€œfast-trackedโ€ through the government planning system in light of the energy crisis.28Net Zero Scrutiny Group. โ€œLetters: Time for the Tories to come together and get on with the business of governing,โ€ The Telegraph, September 4, 2022. Archived September 4, 2022. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/EUYNy  

The letter stated that โ€œEnergy prices are soaring while 1,300 trillion cubic feet of shale gas sits idle under our feetโ€ and claimed that ten percent of that amount โ€œwould give the UK self-sufficiency for 50 yearsโ€.

The letter continued: 

โ€œBy not using British shale gas resources, weโ€™re missing out on tens of thousands of well-paid jobs, losing billions from the UK economy while enriching foreign exchequers, depriving councils and residents of millions of pounds of tax revenue, and putting our country at the mercy of a Russia-dominated European gas market as we all scrabble for the same limited resource.โ€

The letter was signed by the following NZSG members:

  • โ€‹โ€‹Craig Mackinlay MP (Con)
  • Esther McVey MP (Con)
  • Lord Frost (Con)
  • Julian Knight MP (Con) 
  • Huw Merriman MP (Con) 
  • Bob Blackman MP (Con) 
  • Sir Robert Syms MP (Con)
  • Lee Anderson MP (Con)
  • Andrew Bridgen MP (Con)
  • Anne-Marie Morris MP (Con)
  • Adam Holloway MP (Con)
  • Greg Smith MP (Con)
  • Andrew Lewer MP (Con)
  • Philip Davies MP (Con)
  • David Warburton MP (Con)
  • Richard Drax MP (Con)
  • Baroness Foster of Oxton (Con)
  • Lord Borwick (Con)
  • Adam Afriyie MP (Con)
  • Laurence Robertson MP (Con)

The Baroness Foster and Lord Borwick, as well as MPs Merriman, Syms, Warburton, Drax, Robertson, Afriyie, had not previously been publicly named as signatories of letters penned by the NZSG.

February 16, 2022

DeSmog revealed that Mackinlay had recently hired GWPF and Net Zero Watch Head of Policy Harry Wilkinson to work as a parliamentary aide, and had been employing former GWPF trustee Ruth Lea since at least 2017.

Speaking to POLITICO about the hiring, Mackinlay said that Wilkinsonโ€™s continuing employment with Net Zero Watch โ€œis fully disclosed according to parliamentary rules applying to MPsโ€™ employees and his depth of knowledge acquired there is invaluable to my interest and work on net zero issues.โ€29Esther Webber and Karl Mathiesen. โ€œTory MP hires staff linked to climate denial group,โ€ POLITICO, February 16, 2022. Archived February 17, 2022. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/zW8RE 

Mackinlay also told POLITICO that Leaโ€™s work with the GWPF โ€œwas wholly unconnected to her original appointment with me and is not related to her continuation as a passholder now. She is largely retired these days and she comes to parliament infrequently.โ€

February 12, 2022

The Telegraph reported that 29 MPs and one Conservative peer had written a letter to prime minister Boris Johnson calling on him to end the โ€œunconservativeโ€ ban on fracking in the UK, which has been in place since 2019.30Edward Malnick. โ€œTory grandees urge Boris Johnson to lift โ€˜unconservativeโ€™ ban on fracking,โ€ The Telegraph, February 12, 2022. Archived February 14, 2022. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/JsAdK 

The letter was organised by Craig Mackinlay and Steve Baker and reportedly signed by NZSG members including Mackinlay, Baker, and Julian Knight. The Guardian reported that Mackinlay and Baker declined to share the names of other signatories.31Peter Walker. โ€œDavid Frost joins Tory MPs in calls for return of fracking in UK,โ€ The Guardian, February 13, 2022. Archived February 21, 2022. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/DD4nQ 

The letter argued that restarting fracking in the UK would โ€œallow us to combat the cost of living crisis, level up, create jobs, opportunity and a renewed sense of community in the north, improve our energy security, reduce our reliance on imported gas, stabilise energy prices and achieve net zero without increasing the cost of living for already hard-pressed working families.โ€32Edward Malnick. โ€œTory grandees urge Boris Johnson to lift โ€˜unconservativeโ€™ ban on fracking,โ€ The Telegraph, February 12, 2022. Archived February 14, 2022. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/JsAdK 

The letter was also signed by Lord Frost, the former Brexit minister; John Whittingdale, the former culture secretary; and Bob Blackman, the 1922 committee executive secretary.

January 2, 2022

NZSG members wrote a letter to the Telegraph calling for Prime Minister Boris Johnson and Chancellor Rishi Sunak to lessen the impact of inflation and โ€œcost-of-living pressuresโ€ by removing VAT and environmental levies on domestic energy.33โ€œLetters: Itโ€™s time to overhaul the testing regime and get Britain moving again,โ€ The Telegraph, January 2, 2022. Archived February 11, 2022. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/LaeNS 

The letter claimed that the โ€œClimate Change Levy on business energy useโ€ was โ€œmaking UK energy-intensive businesses uncompetitiveโ€ and called for a โ€œnew approach to our energy security,โ€ meaning increased North Sea exploration for oil and gas and support for fracking.

The letterโ€™s calls to scrap green levies and back fossil fuels matched two of the key demands of the GWPFโ€™s campaigning wing, Net Zero Watch (NZW). These demands were to โ€œsuspend all green levies on energy billsโ€ and โ€œremove all fiscal and other disincentives to oil and gas exploration, including shale gas, to increase domestic production levelsโ€. 

The letter was signed by the following NZSG members:

The letterโ€™s publication was the first time a list of members had been made public and listed 19 members, considerably less than the 50 members Mackinlay implied had joined the group in November 2021.34โ€œNTD UK News Full Broadcast (Nov. 17),โ€ NTD UK News, November 17, 2021. Archived .mp4 on file at DeSmog.

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